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Tan J, Zhang Y. Thermal Conductive Polymer Composites: Recent Progress and Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:3572. [PMID: 39124984 PMCID: PMC11313829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As microelectronics technology advances towards miniaturization and higher integration, the imperative for developing high-performance thermal management materials has escalated. Thermal conductive polymer composites (TCPCs), which leverage the benefits of polymer matrices and the unique effects of nano-enhancers, are gaining focus as solutions to overheating due to their low density, ease of processing, and cost-effectiveness. However, these materials often face challenges such as thermal conductivities that are lower than expected, limiting their application in high-performance electronic devices. Despite these issues, TCPCs continue to demonstrate broad potential across various industrial sectors. This review comprehensively presents the progress in this field, detailing the mechanisms of thermal conductivity (TC) in these composites and discussing factors that influence thermal performance, such as the intrinsic properties of polymers, interfacial thermal resistance, and the thermal properties of fillers. Additionally, it categorizes and summarizes methods to enhance the TC of polymer composites. The review also highlights the applications of these materials in emerging areas such as flexible electronic devices, personal thermal management, and aerospace. Ultimately, by analyzing current challenges and opportunities, this review provides clear directions for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
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Şomoghi R, Semenescu A, Pasăre V, Chivu OR, Nițoi DF, Marcu DF, Florea B. The Impact of ZnO Nanofillers on the Mechanical and Anti-Corrosion Performances of Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2054. [PMID: 39065371 PMCID: PMC11280588 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins were reinforced with different ZnO nanofillers (commercial ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), recycled ZnO and functionalized ZnO NPs) in order to obtain ZnO-epoxy composites with suitable mechanical properties, high adhesion strength, and good resistance to corrosion. The final properties of ZnO-epoxy composites depend on several factors, such as the type and contents of nanofillers, the epoxy resin type, curing agent, and preparation methods. This paper aims to review the preparation methods, mechanical and anti-corrosion performance, and applications of ZnO-epoxy composites. The epoxy-ZnO composites are demonstrated to be valuable materials for a wide range of applications, including the development of anti-corrosion and UV-protective coatings, for adhesives and the chemical industry, or for use in building materials or electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Şomoghi
- Faculty of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemistry, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Augustin Semenescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 6th District, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.F.M.); (B.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Str., 5th District, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vili Pasăre
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 6th District, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.F.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Oana Roxana Chivu
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 6th District, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (O.R.C.); (D.F.N.)
| | - Dan Florin Nițoi
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 6th District, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (O.R.C.); (D.F.N.)
| | - Dragoş Florin Marcu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 6th District, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.F.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Bogdan Florea
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 6th District, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.F.M.); (B.F.)
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Verde R, D’Amore A, Grassia L. A Numerical Model to Predict the Relaxation Phenomena in Thermoset Polymers and Their Effects on Residual Stress during Curing, Part II: Numerical Evaluation of Residual Stress. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1541. [PMID: 38891487 PMCID: PMC11174771 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a numerical routine to predict the residual stresses developing in an epoxy component during its curing. The scaling of viscoelastic properties with the temperature and the degree of conversion is modeled, adopting a mathematical formulation that considers the concurrent effects of curing and structural relaxation on the epoxy's viscoelastic relaxation time. The procedure comprises two moduli: at first, the thermal-kinetical problem is solved using the thermal module of Ansys and a homemade routine written in APDL, then the results in terms of temperature and the degree of conversion profiles are used to evaluate the viscoelastic functions, and the structural problem is solved in the mechanical module of Ansys, allowing the residual stresses calculation. The results show that the residual stresses mainly arise during cooling and scale with the logarithm of the Biot number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luigi Grassia
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Roma, 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (R.V.); (A.D.)
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Tsioptsias C, Zacharis AK. Simulation and Experimental Study of the Isothermal Thermogravimetric Analysis and the Apparent Alterations of the Thermal Stability of Composite Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1454. [PMID: 38891401 PMCID: PMC11174523 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Composite polymers are an interesting class of materials with a wide range of applications. Among the properties of polymers which are currently being enhanced via the development of composite materials is their thermal stability, which is typically evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In this work, a paradox is recognized regarding the considered relationship between the polymer-filler interactions leading to a good dispersion of the filler and the improvement of thermal stability. Simulation of the TGA signal during isothermal measurements of composite polymers is performed along with experimental measurements. It is shown that there are at least three factors that can cause apparent alterations of the thermal stability of composite polymers, namely, the different buoyancy due to the different densities of the composites and the neat polymer, the different thermal diffusivity of the composites and the fact that the mass loss (or remaining mass) of the composites, conventionally, is expressed per overall mass of the composite and not per mass of polymer. The relative contributions of these factors are evaluated and it is found that the conventional expression of mass loss has the most profound effect. Furthermore, it is shown that it is proper to express and evaluate the TGA results of composite polymers per degradable (polymer) mass of the composite and not per overall mass of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Tsioptsias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50132 Kozani, Greece;
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Brugnoli B, Perna G, Alfano S, Piozzi A, Galantini L, Axioti E, Taresco V, Mariano A, Scotto d'Abusco A, Vecchio Ciprioti S, Francolini I. Nanostructured Poly-l-lactide and Polyglycerol Adipate Carriers for the Encapsulation of Usnic Acid: A Promising Approach for Hepatoprotection. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:427. [PMID: 38337316 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the utilization of nanoparticles based on poly-l-lactide (PLLA) and polyglycerol adipate (PGA), alone and blended, for the encapsulation of usnic acid (UA), a potent natural compound with various therapeutic properties including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The development of these carriers offers an innovative approach to overcome the challenges associated with usnic acid's limited aqueous solubility, bioavailability, and hepatotoxicity. The nanosystems were characterized according to their physicochemical properties (among others, size, zeta potential, thermal properties), apparent aqueous solubility, and in vitro cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the nanocarrier obtained with the PLLA-PGA 50/50 weight ratio blend showed both the lowest size and the highest UA apparent solubility as well as the ability to decrease UA cytotoxicity towards human hepatocytes (HepG2 cells). This research opens new avenues for the effective utilization of these highly degradable and biocompatible PLLA-PGA blends as nanocarriers for reducing the cytotoxicity of usnic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Brugnoli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Perna
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Alfano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Piozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Axioti
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alessia Mariano
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Scotto d'Abusco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vecchio Ciprioti
- Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Francolini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Toto E, Lambertini L, Laurenzi S, Santonicola MG. Recent Advances and Challenges in Polymer-Based Materials for Space Radiation Shielding. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:382. [PMID: 38337271 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Space exploration requires the use of suitable materials to protect astronauts and structures from the hazardous effects of radiation, in particular, ionizing radiation, which is ubiquitous in the hostile space environment. In this scenario, polymer-based materials and composites play a crucial role in achieving effective radiation shielding while providing low-weight and tailored mechanical properties to spacecraft components. This work provides an overview of the latest developments and challenges in polymer-based materials designed for radiation-shielding applications in space. Recent advances in terms of both experimental and numerical studies are discussed. Different approaches to enhancing the radiation-shielding performance are reported, such as integrating various types of nanofillers within polymer matrices and optimizing the materials design. Furthermore, this review explores the challenges in developing multifunctional materials that are able to provide radiation protection. By summarizing the state-of-the-art research and identifying emerging trends, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to identify polymer materials and composites that are most useful to protect human health and spacecraft performance in the harsh radiation conditions that are typically found during missions in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Toto
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Lambertini
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Laurenzi
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Santonicola
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
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