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LeCroy G, Ghosh R, Untilova V, Guio L, Stone KH, Brinkmann M, Luscombe C, Spano FC, Salleo A. Polaron absorption in aligned conjugated polymer films: breakdown of adiabatic treatments and going beyond the conventional mid-gap state model. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:545-553. [PMID: 37982315 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first experimental polarized intermolecular and intramolecular optical absorption components of field-induced polarons in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), rr-P3HT, a polymer semiconductor. Highly aligned rr-P3HT thin films were prepared by a high temperature shear-alignment process that orients polymer backbones along the shearing direction. rr-P3HT in-plane molecular orientation was measured by electron diffraction, and out-of-plane orientation was measured through series of synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques. Then, with molecular orientation quantified, polarized charge modulation spectroscopy was used to probe mid-IR polaron absorption in the ℏω = 0.075 - 0.75 eV range and unambiguously assign intermolecular and intramolecular optical absorption components of hole polarons in rr-P3HT. This data represents the first experimental quantification of these polarized components and allowed long-standing theoretical predictions to be compared to experimental results. The experimental data is discrepant with predictions of polaron absorption based on an adiabatic framework that works under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, but the data is entirely consistent with a more recent nonadiabatic treatment of absorption based on a modified Holstein Hamiltonian. This nonadiabatic treatment was used to show that both intermolecular and intramolecular polaron coherence break down at length scales significantly smaller than estimated structural coherence in either direction. This strongly suggests that polaron delocalization is fundamentally limited by energetic disorder in rr-P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Guio
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin H Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Deng Z, Ai T, Li R, Yuan W, Zhang K, Du H, Zhang H. Conjugated Polymers Containing Building Blocks 1,3,4,6-Tetraarylpyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,5-dione (isoDPP), Benzodipyrrolidone (BDP) or Naphthodipyrrolidone (NDP): A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1683. [PMID: 31618896 PMCID: PMC6835601 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
π-Conjugated organic donor-acceptor (D-A) type polymers are widely developed and used in electronic device. Among which, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers have received the most attention due to their high performances. The novel chromophores named 1,3,4,6-tetraarylpyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,5-dione (isoDPP), benzodipyrrolidone (BDP) and naphthodipyrrolidone (NDP) are resemble DPP in chemical structure. IsoDPP is an isomer of DPP, with the switching position of carbonyl and amide units. The cores of BDP and NDP are tri- and tetracyclic, whereas isoDPP is bicyclic. π-Conjugation extension could result polymers with distinct optical, electrochemical and device performance. It is expected that the polymers containing these high-performance electron-deficient pigments are potential in the electronic device applications, and have the potential to be better than the DPP-based ones. IsoDPP, BDP, and NDP based polymers are synthesized since 2011, and have not receive desirable attention. In this work, the synthesis, properties (optical and electrochemical characteristics), electronic device as well as their relationship depending on core-extension or structure subtle optimization have been reviewed. The final goal is to outline a theoretical scaffold for the design the D-A type conjugated polymers, which is potential for high-performance electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Deng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China.
| | - Taotao Ai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastic of Ministry of Education (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Wei Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Kaili Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China.
| | - Huiling Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Haichang Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastic of Ministry of Education (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China.
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Menšík M, Pfleger J, Toman P. Dynamics of photogenerated polarons and polaron pairs in P3HT thin films. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Copolymers Based on 1,3-Bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene and Three 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Derivatives as Potential Anodically Coloring Copolymers in High-Contrast Electrochromic Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8100368. [PMID: 30974647 PMCID: PMC6432342 DOI: 10.3390/polym8100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, copolymers based on 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (BCz) and three 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene derivatives (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), 3,4-(2,2-dimethylpropylenedioxy)thiophene (ProDOT-Me₂), and 3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene (EDTT)) were electrochemically synthesized and their electrochemical and electrochromic properties were characterized. The anodic copolymer P(BCz-co-ProDOT) with BCz/ProDOT-Me₂ = 1/1 feed molar ratio showed high optical contrast (ΔT%) and coloring efficiency (η), measured as 52.5% and 153.5 cm²∙C-1 at 748 nm, respectively. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on P(BCz-co-EDOT), P(BCz-co-ProDOT), and P(BCz-co-EDTT) as anodic polymer layers, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as cathodic polymer layer were fabricated. P(BCz-co-ProDOT)/triple-layer PEDOT-PSS ECD showed three different colors (light yellow, yellowish-blue, and dark blue) at different applied potentials. In addition, the highest optical contrast (ΔT%) of P(BCz-co-ProDOT)/triple-layer PEDOT-PSS ECD was found to be 41% at 642 nm and the coloration efficiency was calculated to be 416.5 cm²∙C-1 at 642 nm. All ECDs showed satisfactory optical memories and electrochemical cyclic stability.
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Alqurashy BA, Cartwright L, Iraqi A, Zhang Y, Lidzey DG. Pyrene-benzothiadiazole-based copolymers for application in photovoltaic devices. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Cartwright
- Department of Chemistry; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - David G. Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7RH UK
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Synthesis and Characterization of Alternating Polymers Incorporating Boron-Chelated Heterochrysene Units. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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