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Sabah Al-Obaidi N, Ahmed AA, N. Abd A. Photo Stabilizing Efficiency Of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Based On Metal
Ion Complexes Of Saccharine. BIONATURA 2023; 8:1-11. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.02.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The photostabilization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films having saccharine complexes of Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes
was investigated. The production of PMMA films containing such complexes
(0.5% by weight) was carried out by the casting method using THF. The photostabilization activities of the compounds were determined by monitoring the carbonyl and hydroxyl index with irradiation time. Evaluation of stabilizing efficiency of PMMA by ultra-violet spectroscopy to investigate photodecomposition
rate constant (kd) for PMMA films in the absence and presence of saccharine
complexes. The changes in the viscosity average molecular weight of PMMA with
irradiation time were evaluated. The rate of photostabilization for PMMA in the
presence of the additives was found to follow the order Ni(sac) > Cu(sac) >
Zn(sac) > Cd(sac) > Hg(sac) > Fe(sac). Depending on the structure of the additive,
such as a peroxide decomposer, UV absorption or a radical scavenger for the
photostabilizer.
Keywords: Photodegradation, UV stabilizers, PMMA, Saccharine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Sabah Al-Obaidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Mustansiryah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiryah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed N. Abd
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Diyala University, Iraq
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2
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Sansul S, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Hashim H, Ahmed A. Pendant Modification of Poly(methyl methacrylate) to Enhance Its Stability against Photoirradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2989. [PMID: 37514379 PMCID: PMC10386564 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photostabilization of functional polymeric materials is important for protection against aging and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. There is, therefore, the impetus to modify polymers to increase their resistance to photodegradation and photooxidation on extended exposure to UV light in harsh conditions. Various polymeric additives have been designed and synthesized in recent years, and their potential as photostabilizers has been explored. Reported here is the effect of pendant functionalization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) through organometallic moiety incorporation into the polymer's backbone. The reaction of PMMA with ethylenediamine leads to the formation of an amino residue that can react with salicylaldehyde to produce the corresponding Schiff base. Adding metal chlorides (zinc, copper, nickel, and cobalt) led to the formation of organometallic residues on the polymeric chains. Thin films of modified and unmodified PMMA were produced and irradiated with UV light to determine the effect of pendant modification on photostability. The photostabilization of PMMA was assessed using a range of methods, including infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, decomposition rate constant, and surface morphology. The modified PMMA incorporating organic Schiff base metal complexes showed less photodecomposition than the unmodified polymer or one containing the Schiff base only. Thus, the metals significantly reduced the photodegradation of polymeric materials. The polymer containing the Schiff base-cobalt unit showed the least damage in the PMMA surface due to photoirradiation, followed by those containing nickel, zinc, and copper, in that order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Sansul
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Industries, Institute of Technology-Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10074, Iraq
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq
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Duceac IA, Coseri S. Chitosan Schiff-Base Hydrogels-A Critical Perspective Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120779. [PMID: 36547302 PMCID: PMC9777561 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is quite a unique polysaccharide due to the presence of the amine groups naturally occurring in its structure. This feature renders it into a polycation which makes it appealing for preparing polyelectrolyte complexes or imine bonds gels. Therefore, the vast majority of hydrogels prepared using Schiff base chemistry have chitosan as one component. Usually, the counterpart is a low molecular weight aldehyde or a macromolecular periodate-oxidized polysaccharide, i.e., cellulose, pullulan, starch, alginate, hyaluronic acid, etc. Indisputable advantages of hydrogels include their quick gelation, no need for crosslinking agents, and self-healing and injectability properties. This gives grounds for further research, both fundamental in materials science and applicative in various domains. This article is a critical assessment of the most relevant aspects of this topic. It also provides a short review of some of the most interesting research reported in the literature supporting the main observations of this perspective.
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Raad R, Abdallh M, Yousif E, Ahmed A, Bofaroosha M. Study of the photochemical behaver of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite modified by sulfadiazine. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E, Al-Khazrajy OSA, Abdallh M, Alanazi SA. Modifications of Polymers through the Addition of Ultraviolet Absorbers to Reduce the Aging Effect of Accelerated and Natural Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 35012042 PMCID: PMC8747282 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photooxidative degradation process of plastics caused by ultraviolet irradiation leads to bond breaking, crosslinking, the elimination of volatiles, formation of free radicals, and decreases in weight and molecular weight. Photodegradation deteriorates both the mechanical and physical properties of plastics and affects their predicted life use, in particular for applications in harsh environments. Plastics have many benefits, while on the other hand, they have numerous disadvantages, such as photodegradation and photooxidation in harsh environments and the release of toxic substances due to the leaching of some components, which have a negative effect on living organisms. Therefore, attention is paid to the design and use of safe, plastic, ultraviolet stabilizers that do not pose a danger to the environment if released. Plastic ultraviolet photostabilizers act as efficient light screeners (absorbers or pigments), excited-state deactivators (quenchers), hydroperoxide decomposers, and radical scavengers. Ultraviolet absorbers are cheap to produce, can be used in low concentrations, mix well with polymers to produce a homogenous matrix, and do not alter the color of polymers. Recently, polyphosphates, Schiff bases, and organometallic complexes were synthesized and used as potential ultraviolet absorbers for polymeric materials. They reduced the damage caused by accelerated and natural ultraviolet aging, which was confirmed by inspecting the surface morphology of irradiated polymeric films. For example, atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness factor of polymers' irradiated surfaces was improved significantly in the presence of ultraviolet absorbers. In addition, the investigation of the surface of irradiated polymers using scanning electron microscopy showed a high degree of homogeneity and the appearance of pores that were different in size and shape. The current work surveys for the first time the use of newly synthesized, ultraviolet absorbers as additives to enhance the photostability of polymeric materials and, in particular, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, based mainly on our own recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Omar S. A. Al-Khazrajy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haytham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mustafa Abdallh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Saud A. Alanazi
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
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6
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The degradation of thin poly(methyl methacrylate) films subjected to different destructive treatments. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Influence of Polyphosphates on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) after Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010193. [PMID: 31936894 PMCID: PMC7022887 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.
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8
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Hadi AG, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Jawad K, Alotaibi MH, Hashim H. Long-Term Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Containing Naproxen Diorganotin(IV) Complexes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132396. [PMID: 31261834 PMCID: PMC6650850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegrades with long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, it is desirable to develop methods that enhance the photostability of PVC. In this study, new aromatic-rich diorganotin(IV) complexes were tested as photostabilizers in PVC films. The diorganotin(IV) complexes were synthesized in 79-86% yields by reacting excess naproxen with tin(IV) chlorides. PVC films containing 0.5 wt % diorganotin(IV) complexes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for up to 300 h, and changes within the films were monitored using the weight loss and the formation of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and polyene). In addition, changes in the surface morphologies of the films were investigated. The diorganotin(IV) complexes enhanced the photostability of PVC, as the weight loss and surface roughness were much lower in the films with additives than in the blank film. Notably, the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient photostabilizer. The polymeric film containing this complex exhibited a morphology of regularly distributed hexagonal pores, with a honeycomb-like structure-possibly due to cross-linking and interactions between the additive and the polymeric chains. Various mechanisms, including direct absorption of ultraviolet irradiation, radical or hydrogen chloride scavenging, and polymer chain coordination, could explain how the diorganotin(IV) complexes stabilize PVC against photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
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9
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Hadi AG, Jawad K, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed DS. Synthesis of Telmisartan Organotin(IV) Complexes and their use as Carbon Dioxide Capture Media. Molecules 2019; 24:E1631. [PMID: 31027205 PMCID: PMC6514663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel, porous, highly aromatic organotin(IV) frameworks were successfully synthesized by the condensation of telmisartan and an appropriate tin(IV) chloride. The structures of the synthesized organotin(IV) complexes were elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H-, 13C-, and 119Sn-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface morphologies of the complexes were inspected by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized mesoporous organotin(IV) complexes have a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 32.3-130.4 m2·g-1, pore volume of 0.046-0.162 cm3·g-1, and pore size of around 2.4 nm. The tin complexes containing a butyl substituent were more efficient as carbon dioxide storage media than the complexes containing a phenyl substituent. The dibutyltin(IV) complex had the highest BET surface area (SBET = 130.357 m2·g-1), the largest volume (0.162 cm3·g-1), and was the most efficient for carbon dioxide storage (7.1 wt%) at a controlled temperature (323 K) and pressure (50 bars).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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10
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El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed AA, Hamad BA, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Hashim H, Yousif E. The Morphology and Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Containing Melamine Schiff Bases against Ultraviolet Light. Molecules 2019; 24:E803. [PMID: 30813367 PMCID: PMC6413115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases derived from melamine have been used as efficient additives to reduce the process of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) films. The performance of Schiff bases has been investigated using various techniques. Poly(vinyl chloride) films containing Schiff bases were irradiated with ultraviolet light and any changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and the viscosity of their average molecular weight were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology of the films was inspected using a light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph. The additives enhanced the films resistance against irradiation and the polymeric surface was much smoother in the presence of the Schiff bases compared with the blank film. Schiff bases containing an ortho-hydroxyl group on the aryl rings showed the greatest photostabilization effect, which may possibly have been due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet light. This phenomenon seems to involve the transfer of a proton as well as several intersystem crossing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Basheer A Hamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Yousif E, Haddad R, El-Hiti GA, Yusop RM. Spectroscopic and photochemical stability of polystyrene films in the presence of metal complexes. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Raghad Haddad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahimi M. Yusop
- School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Yousif E, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Hashim H, Hameed AS, Ahmed A. Fabrication of Novel Ball-Like Polystyrene Films Containing Schiff Base Microspheres as Photostabilizers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1185. [PMID: 30961110 PMCID: PMC6290623 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene films containing a low concentration of three highly aromatic Schiff bases were prepared using the casting method. The polystyrene films were irradiated with ultraviolet light (300 h). The polystyrene infrared spectra, weight loss, molecular weight reduction and the surface morphology were examined upon irradiation. The Schiff bases acted as photostabilizers and reduced the photodegradation of polystyrene films to a significant level in comparison to the blank film. The images recorded of the surface of the miscible polystyrene/Schiff base blends showed novel ball-like microspheres with a diameter of 3.4⁻4.3 µm. The Schiff bases were able to endow excellent protection to polystyrene against ultraviolet irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
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13
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Shaalan N, Laftah N, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Muslih R, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photostabilization in the Presence of Schiff Bases Containing a Thiadiazole Moiety. Molecules 2018; 23:E913. [PMID: 29662039 PMCID: PMC6017410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases containing a thiadiazole moiety have been used as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers at low concentrations. The efficiency of Schiff bases as photostabilizers was investigated using various techniques, for example, the changes in poly(vinyl chloride) infrared spectra, molecular weight, chain scission quantum yield, and surface morphology were monitored upon irradiation with an ultraviolet light. Evidently, all the additives used inhibited poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation at a significant level. The most efficient Schiff base exhibited a high level of aromaticity and contained a hydroxyl group. It seems possible that such photostabilization could be due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the additives. In addition, Schiff bases could act as radical scavengers and proton transfer facilitators to stabilize the polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Nawres Laftah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raad Muslih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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14
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Ghazi D, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Alotaibi MH. The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Films Containing Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers. Molecules 2018; 23:E254. [PMID: 29382088 PMCID: PMC6017697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organotin(IV) complexes containing ciprofloxacin as a ligand (Ph₃SnL, Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂; 0.5% by weight) were used as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride films (40 µm thickness) upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (λmax = 313 at a light intensity = 7.75 × 10-7 ein dm-3 S-1) at room temperature. The efficiency of organotin(IV) complexes as photostabilizers was determined by monitoring the changes in the weight, growth of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and carbene), viscosity, average molecular weight, chain scission and degree of deterioration of the polymeric films upon irradiation. The results obtained indicated that organotin(IV) complexes stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) and the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient additive. The surface morphologies of poly(vinyl chloride) films containing organotin(IV) complexes were examined using an atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscopy. These showed that the surface of polymeric films containing organotin(IV) complexes were smoother and less rough, compared to the surface of the blank films. Some mechanisms that explained the role of organotin(IV) complexes in poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilization process were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Hameed AS. Polyphosphates as Inhibitors for Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation. Molecules 2017; 22:E1849. [PMID: 29143792 PMCID: PMC6150225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three polyphosphates were used as inhibitors for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegradation. The polyphosphates were added to PVC at a concentration of 0.5% by weight. The PVC films (40 µm thickness) were irradiated at room temperature with ultraviolet (UV) light for up to 300 h. The changes in PVC films after irradiation were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity-average molecular weight determination, and atomic force microscopy. These changes were very noticeable in the blank PVC films compared to the ones obtained when additives were used. The polyphosphates can inhibit the PVC photodegradation through direct absorption of UV light, interactions with PVC chains, and acting as radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
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Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Hameed AS, Yousif E, Ahmed A. New Tetra-Schiff Bases as Efficient Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride). Molecules 2017; 22:E1506. [PMID: 28891944 PMCID: PMC6151724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new tetra-Schiff bases were synthesized and characterized to be used as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films. The photostability of PVC films (40 μm thickness) in the presence of Schiff bases (0.5 wt %) upon irradiation (300 h) with a UV light (λmax = 365 nm and light intensity = 6.43 × 10-9 ein∙dm-3∙s-1) was examined using various spectroscopic measurements and surface morphology analysis. The changes in various functional groups' indices, weight and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored against irradiation time. The additives used showed photostability for PVC films, with Schiff base 1 being the most effective additive upon irradiation, followed by 2 and 3. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for the PVC surface containing Schiff base 1 after irradiation were found to be smooth, with a roughness factor (Rq) of 36.8, compared to 132.2 for the PVC (blank). Several possible mechanisms that explain PVC photostabilization upon irradiation in the presence of tetra-Schiff bases were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
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Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Hameed AS, Abdalla M. New Eco-Friendly Phosphorus Organic Polymers as Gas Storage Media. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E336. [PMID: 30971013 PMCID: PMC6418888 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three phosphate esters 1⁻3 were successfully synthesized from the reaction of 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with phosphoryl chloride. Reactions of 1⁻3 with benzidine in the presence of glacial acetic acid gave the corresponding novel phosphorus organic polymers 4⁻6 containing the azomethane linkage. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. Interesting physiochemical properties for the polymeric materials 4⁻6 were observed using a combination of several techniques such as gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer⁻Emmett⁻Teller and nitrogen adsorption⁻desorption isotherm, Barrett⁻Joyner⁻Halenda and H-sorb 2600 analyzer. The mesoporous polymers 4⁻6 exhibit tunable porosity with Brunauer⁻Emmett⁻Teller surface area (SABET = 24.8⁻30 m²·g⁻1), pore volume (0.03⁻0.05 cm³·g⁻1) and narrow pore size distribution, in which the average pore size was 2.4⁻2.8 nm. Polymers 4⁻6 were found to have high gas storage capacity and physico-chemical stability, particularly at a high pressure. At 323 K and 50 bars, polymers 4⁻6 have remarkable carbon dioxide uptake (up to 82.1 cm³·g⁻1) and a low hydrogen uptake (up to 7.4 cm³·g⁻1). The adsorption capacity of gasses for polymer 5 was found to be higher than those for polymers 4 and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.
| | - Mustafa Abdalla
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Ali GQ, El-Hiti GA, Tomi IHR, Haddad R, Al-Qaisi AJ, Yousif E. Photostability and Performance of Polystyrene Films Containing 1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol Ring System Schiff Bases. Molecules 2016; 21:E1699. [PMID: 27941675 PMCID: PMC6272865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of 4-(4-substituted benzylideneamino)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were synthesized and their structures were confirmed. The synthesized Schiff bases were used as photostabilizers for polystyrene against photodegradation. Polystyrene polymeric films containing synthesized Schiff bases (0.5% by weight) were irradiated (λmax = 365 nm and light intensity = 6.43 × 10-9 ein·dm-3·s-1) at room temperature. The photostabilization effect of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols Schiff bases was determined using various methods. All the additives used enhanced the photostability of polystyrene films against irradiation compared with the result obtained in the absence of Schiff base. The Schiff bases can act as photostabilizers for polystyrene through the direct absorption of UV radiation and/or radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gassan Q Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ivan Hameed R Tomi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Raghad Haddad
- College of Pharmacy, Privet Uruk University, Baghdad 10069, Iraq.
| | - Alaa J Al-Qaisi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Altaee N, El-Hiti GA, Fahdil A, Sudesh K, Yousif E. Screening and Evaluation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with Rhodococcus equi Using Different Carbon Sources. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Doped by 2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)Propanoate Metal Complexes: Enhanced Resistance to UV Irradiation. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hussain Z, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed A, Altaee N, Yousif E. Photocatalytic degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate films using titanium dioxide nanoparticles as a photocatalyst. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427216090238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ali MM, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E. Photostabilizing Efficiency of Poly(vinyl chloride) in the Presence of Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers. Molecules 2016; 21:E1151. [PMID: 27589707 PMCID: PMC6274560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organotin complexes containing furosemide as a ligand (L), Ph₃SnL, Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂, were synthesized and characterized. Octahedral geometry was proposed for the Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂, while the Ph₃SnL complex has trigonal bipyramid geometry. The synthesized organotin complexes (0.5% by weight) were used as additives to improve the photostability of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, (40 μm thickness) upon irradiation. The changes imposed on functional groups, weight loss and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored. The experimental results show that the rate of photodegradation was reduced in the presence of the organotin additives. The quantum yield of the chain scission was found to be low (9.8 × 10(-7)) when Ph₃SnL was used as a PVC photostabilizer compared to controlled PVC (5.18 × 10(-6)). In addition, the atomic force microscope images for the PVC films containing Ph₃SnL₂ after irradiation shows a smooth surface compared to the controlled films. The rate of PVC photostabilization was found to be highest for Ph₃SnL followed by Bu₂SnL₂ and Me₂SnL₂. It has been suggested that the organotin complexes could act as hydrogen chloride scavengers, ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide decomposers and/or radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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Altaee N, El-Hiti GA, Fahdil A, Sudesh K, Yousif E. Biodegradation of different formulations of polyhydroxybutyrate films in soil. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:762. [PMID: 27386248 PMCID: PMC4912537 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Petroleum polymers contribute to non-degradable waste materials and it would therefore be desirable to produce ecofriendly degradable materials. Biodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the presence of oligomer hydrolase and PHB depolymerase gave 3-hydroxybutyric acid which could be oxidized to acetyl acetate. Several bacteria and fungi can degrade PHB in the soil. RESULTS Biodegradation of PHB showed a significant decrease in the molecular weight (Mw), number-average molecular weight (Mn) and the dispersity (Mw/Mn) for all the film formulations. Nanofibers of PHB and its composites showed faster degradation compared to other films and displayed complete degradation after 3 weeks. The SEM micrographs showed various surface morphology changes including alterations in appearance of pores, cavity, grooves, incisions, slots and pointers. Such changes were due to the growth of microorganisms that secreted PHB depolymerase enzyme which lead to the biopolymer films degradation. However, PHB nanofibers and its composites films in the presence of TiO2 demonstrated more surface changes with rupture of most nanofibers in which there was a drop in fibres diameter. CONCLUSIONS The degradation of biopolymers help to overcome some of the pollution problems associated with the use of petroleum polymers. PHB nanofiber and its TiO2 composite were degraded faster compared to other PHB film types due to their three dimensional and high surface area structures. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles in the composite films slowdown the degradation process compared to PHB films. Additionally, the PHB and its composite films that were prepared from UV treated PHB films led to acceleration of the degradation.Graphical abstractBiodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate films in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Altaee
- />Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, 10001 Iraq
- />Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Al-Qasim 51002 Iraq
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- />Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayad Fahdil
- />Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, 10001 Iraq
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- />School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Emad Yousif
- />Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, 64021 Iraq
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Yousif E, Hasan A, El-Hiti GA. Spectroscopic, Physical and Topography of Photochemical Process of PVC Films in the Presence of Schiff Base Metal Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8060204. [PMID: 30979299 PMCID: PMC6432278 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The photostability of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, containing various Schiff base metal complexes (0.5% by weight) was investigated. Various indices corresponding to a number of functional groups were monitored with irradiation of polymeric films to determine their photostabilization activities. The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of modified polymeric films was found to be (1.15–4.65) × 106. The surface morphology of a PVC sample was investigated by the use of atomic force microscope (AFM). The photostability of PVC films in the presence of Schiff base additives was found to follow the following order: PVC < PVC + CuL2 < PVC + CdL2 < PVC + ZnL2 < PVC + SnL2 < PVC + NiL2. Various mechanisms for PVC films photostability containing the Schiff base additives have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ali Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
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Viscoelastic, Spectroscopic and Microscopic Study of the Photo Irradiation Effect on the Stability of PVC in the Presence of Sulfamethoxazole Schiff’s Bases. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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