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Adam MR, Hubadillah SK, Aziz MHA, Jamalludin MR. The emergence of adsorptive membrane treatment for pollutants removal – A mini bibliometric analysis study. MATERIALS TODAY: PROCEEDINGS 2023; 88:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Lau HS, Lau SK, Soh LS, Hong SU, Gok XY, Yi S, Yong WF. State-of-the-Art Organic- and Inorganic-Based Hollow Fiber Membranes in Liquid and Gas Applications: Looking Back and Beyond. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:539. [PMID: 35629866 PMCID: PMC9144028 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aggravation of environmental problems such as water scarcity and air pollution has called upon the need for a sustainable solution globally. Membrane technology, owing to its simplicity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, has emerged as one of the favorable technologies for water and air purification. Among all of the membrane configurations, hollow fiber membranes hold promise due to their outstanding packing density and ease of module assembly. Herein, this review systematically outlines the fundamentals of hollow fiber membranes, which comprise the structural analyses and phase inversion mechanism. Furthermore, illustrations of the latest advances in the fabrication of organic, inorganic, and composite hollow fiber membranes are presented. Key findings on the utilization of hollow fiber membranes in microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), pervaporation, gas and vapor separation, membrane distillation, and membrane contactor are also reported. Moreover, the applications in nuclear waste treatment and biomedical fields such as hemodialysis and drug delivery are emphasized. Subsequently, the emerging R&D areas, precisely on green fabrication and modification techniques as well as sustainable materials for hollow fiber membranes, are highlighted. Last but not least, this review offers invigorating perspectives on the future directions for the design of next-generation hollow fiber membranes for various applications. As such, the comprehensive and critical insights gained in this review are anticipated to provide a new research doorway to stimulate the future development and optimization of hollow fiber membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Siew Kei Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Leong Sing Soh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Seang Uyin Hong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Xie Yuen Gok
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Shouliang Yi
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA;
| | - Wai Fen Yong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Ranjbar Kalahrudi S, Shakeri A, Ghadimi A, Mahdavi H. Selective oxidation of benzene to phenol using functionalized membrane via Fenton-like process. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Surface Modification of TFC-PA RO Membrane by Grafting Hydrophilic pH Switchable Poly(Acrylic Acid) Brushes. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8281058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The grafting of pH-responsive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes was carried out on the surface of a commercial TFC-PA membrane using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Poly(t-butyl acrylate) was polymerized through the SI-ATRP method followed by its acid hydrolysis to form PAA hydrophilic polymer brushes. Surface morphology, permeation flux, salt rejection, and pore sizes were investigated. The contact angle for water was reduced from 50° for a pristine membrane to 27° for the modified membrane due to a modification with the hydrophilic functional group and its brush on membrane surfaces. The flux rate also increased noticeably at lower pH values relative to higher pH for the modified membranes, while the flux remains stable in the case of pristine TFC-PA membranes. There is slight transition in the water flux rate that was also observed when going from pH values of 3 to 5. This was attributed to the pH-responsive conformational changes for the grafted PAA brushes. At these pH values, ionization of the COOH group takes place below and above pKa to influence the effective pore dimension of the modified membranes. At a lower pH value, the PAA brushes seem to permit tight structure conformation resulting in larger pore sizes and hence more flux. On the other hand, at higher pH values, PAA brushes appeared to be in extended conformation to induce smaller pore sizes and result in less flux. Further, pH values were observed to not significantly affect the NaCl salt rejection with values observed in between 98.8% and 95% and close to that of the pristine TFC-PA membranes. These experimental results are significant and have immediate implication for advances in polymer technology to design and modify the “switchable membrane surfaces” with controllable charge distribution and surface wettability, as well as regulation of water flux and salt.
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Hernández S, Islam MS, Thompson S, Kearschner M, Hatakeyama E, Malekzadeh N, Hoelen T, Bhattacharyya D. Thiol-Functionalized Membranes for Mercury Capture from Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020; 59:5287-5295. [PMID: 33208988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pore functionalized membranes with appropriate ion exchange/chelate groups allow toxic metal sorption under convective flow conditions. This study explores the sorption capacity of ionic mercury in a polyvinylidene fluoride-poly(acrylic acid) (PVDFs-PAA) functionalized membrane immobilized with cysteamine (MEA). Two methods of MEA immobilization to the PVDF-PAA membrane have been assessed: (i) ion exchange (IE) and (ii) carbodiimide cross-linker chemistry using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), known as EDC/NHS coupling. The ion exchange method demonstrates that cysteamine (MEA) can be immobilized effectively on PVDF-PAA membranes without covalent attachment. The effectiveness of the MEA immobilized membranes to remove ionic mercury from the water was evaluated by passing a dissolved mercury(II) nitrate solution through the membranes. The sorption capacity of mercury for MEA immobilized membrane prepared by the IE method is 1015 mg/g PAA. On the other hand, the sorption capacity of mercury for MEA immobilized membrane prepared by EDC/NHS chemistry is 2446 mg/g PAA, indicating that membrane functionalization by EDC/NHS coupling enhanced mercury sorption 2.4 times compared to the IE method. The efficiencies of Hg removal are 94.1 ± 1.1 and 99.1 ± 0.1% for the MEA immobilized membranes prepared by IE and EDC/NHS coupling methods, respectively. These results show potential applications of MEA immobilized PVDF-PAA membranes for industrial wastewater treatment specifically from energy and mining industries to remove mercury and other toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Hernández
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Madison Kearschner
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Evan Hatakeyama
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, Richmond, California 94801, United States
| | - Nga Malekzadeh
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, Richmond, California 94801, United States
| | - Thomas Hoelen
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, Richmond, California 94801, United States
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
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Colburn A, Vogler RJ, Patel A, Bezold M, Craven J, Liu C, Bhattacharyya D. Composite Membranes Derived from Cellulose and Lignin Sulfonate for Selective Separations and Antifouling Aspects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E867. [PMID: 31181627 PMCID: PMC6630825 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based membrane materials allow for separations in both aqueous solutions and organic solvents. The addition of nanocomposites into cellulose structure is facilitated through steric interaction and strong hydrogen bonding with the hydroxy groups present within cellulose. An ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, was used as a solvent for microcrystalline cellulose to incorporate graphene oxide quantum dots into cellulose membranes. In this work, other composite materials such as, iron oxide nanoparticles, polyacrylic acid, and lignin sulfonate have all been uniformly incorporated into cellulose membranes utilizing ionic liquid cosolvents. Integration of iron into cellulose membranes resulted in high selectivity (>99%) of neutral red and methylene blue model dyes separation over salts with a high permeability of 17 LMH/bar. With non-aqueous (alcohol) solvent, iron-cellulose composite membranes become less selective and more permeable, suggesting the interaction of iron ions cellulose OH groups plays a major role in pore structure. Polyacrylic acid was integrated into cellulose membranes to add pH responsive behavior and capacity for metal ion capture. Calcium capture of 55 mg Ca2+/g membrane was observed for PAA-cellulose membranes. Lignin sulfonate was also incorporated into cellulose membranes to add strong negative charge and a steric barrier to enhance antifouling behavior. Lignin sulfonate was also functionalized on the commercial DOW NF270 nanofiltration membranes via esterification of hydroxy groups with carboxyl group present on the membrane surface. Antifouling behavior was observed for both lignin-cellulose composite and commercial membranes functionalized with lignin. Up to 90% recovery of water flux after repeated cycles of fouling was observed for both types of lignin functionalized membranes while flux recovery of up to 60% was observed for unmodified membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Colburn
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Ronald J Vogler
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Aum Patel
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Mariah Bezold
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - John Craven
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Chunqing Liu
- R&D Department, Honeywell UOP, Des Plaines, IL 60016, USA.
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Vlotman D, Ngila J, Ndlovu T, Doyle B, Carleschi E, Malinga S. Hyperbranched polymer membrane for catalytic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl-153 (PCB-153) in water. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Liang W, Hu H, Zhong W, Zhang M, Ma Y, Guo P, Xin M, Yu M, Lin H. Functionalization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Microspheres for the Highly Selective Removal of Contaminants from Aqueous Solutions and the Analysis of Food-Grade Fish Samples. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1130. [PMID: 30961055 PMCID: PMC6403773 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of pollution in aquatic environments has become a growing concernand calls for the development of novel adsorbents capable of selectively removing notorious andrecalcitrant pollutants from these ecosystems. Herein, a general strategy was developed for thesynthesis and functionalization of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres (MIPs) that couldbe optimized to possess a significant adsorption selectivity to an organic pollutant in aqueousmedia, in addition to a high adsorption capacity. Considering that the molecular imprinting alonewas far from satisfactory to produce a high-performance MIPs-based adsorbent, further structuralengineering and surface functionalization were performed in this study. Although the more carboxylgroups on the surfaces of the MIPs enhanced the adsorption rate and capacity toward an organicpollutant through electrostatic interactions, they did not strengthen the adsorption selectivity in aproportional manner. Through a systematic study, the optimized sample exhibiting both impressiveselectivity and capacity for the adsorption of the organic pollutant was found to possess a smallparticle size, a high specific surface area, a large total pore volume, and an appropriate amount ofsurface carboxyl groups. While the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to better describethe process of the adsorption onto the surface of MIPs as compared to the pseudo-first-order kineticmodel, neither Langmuir nor Freundlich isothermal model could be used to well fit the isothermaladsorption data. Increased temperature facilitated the adsorption of the organic pollutant onto theMIPs, as an endothermic process. Furthermore, the optimized MIPs were also successfully employedas a stationary phase for the fabrication of a molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction column,with which purchased food-grade fish samples were effectively examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Liang
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Huawen Hu
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Wanting Zhong
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Meiguo Xin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Mingguang Yu
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Haisheng Lin
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
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Haponska M, Trojanowska A, Nogalska A, Jastrzab R, Gumi T, Tylkowski B. PVDF Membrane Morphology-Influence of Polymer Molecular Weight and Preparation Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E718. [PMID: 30966017 PMCID: PMC6418571 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we successfully prepared nine non-woven, supported polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes, using a phase inversion precipitation method, starting from a 15 wt % PVDF solution in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Various membrane morphologies were obtained by using (1) PVDF polymers, with diverse molecular weights ranging from 300 to 700 kDa, and (2) different temperature coagulation baths (20, 40, and 60 ± 2 °C) used for the film precipitation. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used for surface and cross-section morphology characterization. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to investigate surface roughness, while a contact angle (CA) instrument was used for membrane hydrophobicity studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results show that the fabricated membranes are formed by a mixture of TGTG' chains, in α phase crystalline domains, and all-TTTT trans planar zigzag chains characteristic to β phase. Moreover, generated results indicate that the phases' content and membrane morphologies depend on the polymer molecular weight and conditions used for the membranes' preparation. The diversity of fabricated membranes could be applied by the End User Industries for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Haponska
- Departament d' Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. dels Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Trojanowska
- Departament d' Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. dels Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Nogalska
- Departament d' Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. dels Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Renata Jastrzab
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tania Gumi
- Departament d' Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. dels Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Bartosz Tylkowski
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química de Catalunya, Carrer de Marcel·lí Domingo, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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Li N, Fu Y, Lu Q, Xiao C. Microstructure and Performance of a Porous Polymer Membrane with a Copper Nano-Layer Using Vapor-Induced Phase Separation Combined with Magnetron Sputtering. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E524. [PMID: 30965823 PMCID: PMC6418564 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial metalized poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) porous membranes with a nano-layer were obtained via the method of vapor-induced phase separation combined with magnetron sputtering of copper. Magnetron sputtering has such advantages as high deposition rates, low substrate temperatures, and good adhesion of films on substrates. The influence brought by deposition time on the microstructure, hydrophobic property, copper distribution state, anti-biofouling, and permeation separation performance was investigated via atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry, contact angle measurements, and capillary flow porometry, along with the porosity, water flux, protein solution flux, rejection rate, water flux recovery rate, and antibacterial property. The results showed that copper particles formed island-type deposits on the membrane surface and were embedded into cross-section pores near the surface owning to the interconnection of pores. Subsequently, the water flux and protein solution flux declined, but the rejection rate and water flux recovery rate increased. Meanwhile, Cu-coated PVDF membranes exhibited an excellent antibacterial ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yuanjing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Qingchen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Changfa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Song Y, Sun Z, Xu L, Shao Z. Preparation and Characterization of Highly Aligned Carbon Nanotubes/Polyacrylonitrile Composite Nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E1. [PMID: 30970687 PMCID: PMC6432014 DOI: 10.3390/polym9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the electrospinning process, a modified parallel electrode method (MPEM), conducted by placing a positively charged ring between the needle and the parallel electrode collector, was used to fabricate highly aligned carbon nanotubes/polyacrylonitrile (CNTs/PAN) composite nanofibers. Characterizations of the samples-such as morphology, the degree of alignment, and mechanical and conductive properties-were investigated by a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), universal testing machine, high-resistance meter, and other methods. The results showed the MPEM could improve the alignment and uniformity of electrospun CNTs/PAN composite nanofibers, and enhance their mechanical and conductive properties. This meant the successful preparation of highly aligned CNT-reinforced PAN nanofibers with enhanced physical properties, suggesting their potential application in appliances and communication areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Lan Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhongbiao Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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