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Wu Z, Yao H, Sun H, Gu Z, Hu X, Yang J, Shi J, Yang H, Dai J, Chong H, Wang DA, Lin L, Zhang W. Enhanced hyaline cartilage formation and continuous osteochondral regeneration via 3D-Printed heterogeneous hydrogel with multi-crosslinking inks. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101080. [PMID: 38757056 PMCID: PMC11097081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique gradient structure and complex composition of osteochondral tissue pose significant challenges in defect regeneration. Restoration of tissue heterogeneity while maintaining hyaline cartilage components has been a difficulty of an osteochondral tissue graft. A novel class of multi-crosslinked polysaccharide-based three-dimensional (3D) printing inks, including decellularized natural cartilage (dNC) and nano-hydroxyapatite, was designed to create a gradient scaffold with a robust interface-binding force. Herein, we report combining a dual-nozzle cross-printing technology and a gradient crosslinking method to create the scaffolds, demonstrating stable mechanical properties and heterogeneous bilayer structures. Biofunctional assessments revealed the remarkable regenerative effects of the scaffold, manifesting three orders of magnitude of mRNA upregulation during chondrogenesis and the formation of pure hyaline cartilage. Transcriptomics of the regeneration site in vivo and scaffold cell interaction tests in vitro showed that printed porous multilayer scaffolds could form the correct tissue structure for cell migration. More importantly, polysaccharides with dNC provided a hydrophilic microenvironment. The microenvironment is crucial in osteochondral regeneration because it could guide the regenerated cartilage to ensure the hyaline phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Haidi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Zehao Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, PR China
| | - Junli Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Haojun Yang
- The Affiliated Changzhou, No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213004, PR China
| | - Jihang Dai
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, PR China
| | - Hui Chong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Liwei Lin
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Aboulkhair AG, AboZeid AA, Beherei HH, Kamar SS. Regenerative effect of microcarrier form of acellular dermal matrix versus bone matrix bio-scaffolds loaded with adipose stem cells on rat bone defect. Ann Anat 2024; 252:152203. [PMID: 38128745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone defects lead to dramatic changes in the quality of life. Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and decellularized bone matrix (DBM) are natural scaffolds for tissue regeneration. The microcarrier scaffolds enable better vascularization and cell proliferation. This study compared the effect of microcarrier forms of DBM and ADM-loaded with adipose stem cells (ASCs) in the repair of compact bone defect in-vivo. METHODS Fifty-four male rats were divided into 4 groups; (i) Group (Gp) I: sham control; (ii) GpII: underwent femur bone defect induction and left to heal spontaneously; (iii) GpIII (ADM-Gp): included 2 subgroups; IIIa and IIIb: the bone defects were filled with non-loaded ADM and ADM-loaded with ASCs, respectively; (iv) GpIV (DBM-Gp): included 2 subgroups; IVa and IVb: the bone defects were filled with non-loaded DBM and DBM-loaded with ASCs, respectively. Animals were euthanized after 1, 2 and 3 months and their femur sections were stained with H&E, Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry for CD31, osteopontin and osteocalcin. RESULTS Histological analysis illustrated limited bone regeneration in the cortical defect of GpII after 3 months. The histomorphometric analysis showed significant delayed mature collagen deposition as well as CD31, osteopontin and osteocalcin expression. Superior capacity of new bone regeneration was detected with bio-scaffold micro-carriers; loaded or non-loaded with ASCs. However, DBM-loaded with ASCs displayed enhanced regeneration properties confirmed by the apparently normal architecture of the new bone and accelerated expression of CD31, osteopontin and osteocalcin in the regenerated bone after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that decellularized scaffolds significantly improved compact bone regeneration with superiority of ASCs seeded-bone scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa A AboZeid
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt
| | - Hanan Hassan Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Samaa Samir Kamar
- Histology Department, Kasr Al-ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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Cowie RM, Macri-Pellizzeri L, McLaren J, Sanderson WJ, Felfel RM, Scotchford CA, Scammell BE, Grant DM, Sottile V, Jennings LM. Functional performance of a bi-layered chitosan-nano-hydroxyapatite osteochondral scaffold: a pre-clinical in vitro tribological study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:230431. [PMID: 38204795 PMCID: PMC10776221 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Osteochondral grafts are used for repair of focal osteochondral lesions. Autologous grafts are the gold standard treatment; however, limited graft availability and donor site morbidity restrict use. Therefore, there is a clinical need for different graft sources/materials which replicate natural cartilage function. Chitosan has been proposed for this application. The aim of this study was to assess the biomechanics and biotribology of a bioresorbable chitosan/chitosan-nano-hydroxyapatite osteochondral construct (OCC), implanted in an in vitro porcine knee experimental simulation model. The OCC implanted in different surgical positions (flush, proud and inverted) was compared to predicate grafts in current clinical use and a positive control consisting of a stainless steel graft implanted proud of the cartilage surface. After 3 h (10 800 cycles) wear simulation under a walking gait, subsidence occurred in all OCC samples irrespective of surgical positioning, but with no apparent loss of material and low meniscus wear. Half the predicate grafts exhibited delamination and scratching of the cartilage surfaces. No graft subsidence occurred in the positive controls but wear and deformation of the meniscus were apparent. Implanting a new chitosan-based OCC either optimally (flush), inverted or proud of the cartilage surface resulted in minimal wear, damage and deformation of the meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raelene M. Cowie
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Laura Macri-Pellizzeri
- Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jane McLaren
- Academic Unit Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Reda M. Felfel
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Colin A. Scotchford
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Brigitte E. Scammell
- Academic Unit Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David M. Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Louise M. Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Haartmans MJJ, Claes BSR, Eijkel GB, Emanuel KS, Tuijthof GJM, Heeren RMA, Emans PJ, Cillero-Pastor B. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) reveals potential lipid markers between infrapatellar fat pad biopsies of osteoarthritis and cartilage defect patients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5997-6007. [PMID: 37505238 PMCID: PMC10556153 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) has been expected to increase due to an aging population, as well as an increased incidence of intra-articular (osteo-) chondral damage. Lipids have already been shown to be involved in the inflammatory process of OA. This study aims at revealing region-specific lipid profiles of the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) of OA or cartilage defect patients by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), which could be used as biomarkers for early OA detection. A higher presence of phospholipids was found in OA patients compared with cartilage defect patients. In addition, a higher abundance of ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines (PE O-s) containing arachidonic acid was specifically found in OA patients compared with cartilage defect patients. These lipids were mainly found in the connective tissue of the IPFP. Specific lipid species were associated to OA patients compared with cartilage defect patients. PE O-s have been suggested as possible biomarkers for OA. As these were found more abundantly in the connective tissue, the IPFP's intra-tissue heterogeneity might play an important role in biomarker discovery, implying that the amount of fibrous tissue is associated with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella J J Haartmans
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Preserving Clinic, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Britt S R Claes
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert B Eijkel
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaj S Emanuel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Preserving Clinic, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gabrielle J M Tuijthof
- Biomedical Device Design and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Preserving Clinic, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering (cBITE), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Płończak M, Wasyłeczko M, Jakutowicz T, Chwojnowski A, Czubak J. Intraarticular Implantation of Autologous Chondrocytes Placed on Collagen or Polyethersulfone Scaffolds: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102360. [PMID: 37242936 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage has very limited repair capability and cannot be rebuilt predictably using conventional treatments. This study presents Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) on two different scaffolds for the treatment of lesions in hyaline cartilage in rabbits. The first one is a commercially available scaffold (Chondro-Gide) made of collagen type I/III and the second one is a polyethersulfone (PES) synthetic membrane, manufactured by phase inversion. The revolutionary idea in the present study is the fact that we used PES membranes, which have unique features and benefits that are desirable for the 3D cultivation of chondrocytes. Sixty-four White New Zealand rabbits were used in this research. Defects penetrating into the subchondral bone were filled with or without the placement of chondrocytes on collagen or PES membranes after two weeks of culture. The expression of the gene encoding type II procollagen, a molecular marker of chondrocytes, was evaluated. Elemental analysis was performed to estimate the weight of tissue grown on the PES membrane. The reparative tissue was analyzed macroscopically and histologically after surgery at 12, 25, and 52 weeks. RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA isolated from cells detached from the polysulphonic membrane revealed the expression of type II procollagen. The elementary analysis of polysulphonic membrane slices after 2 weeks of culture with chondrocytes revealed a concentration of 0.23 mg of tissue on one part of the membrane. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation indicated that the quality of regenerated tissue was similar after the transplantation of cells placed on polysulphonic or collagen membranes. The established method for the culture and transplantation of chondrocytes placed on polysulphonic membranes resulted in the growth of the regenerated tissue, revealing the morphology of hyaline-like cartilage to be of similar quality to collagen membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Płończak
- Mazovia Regional Hospital John Paul II, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Monika Wasyłeczko
- Nałęcz Institute of Biocybernetic and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jakutowicz
- Department of Neurosurgery and Children Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Chwojnowski
- Nałęcz Institute of Biocybernetic and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Czubak
- Department of Orthopedics, Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Gruca Orthopaedic and Trauma Teaching Hospital, 05-402 Otwock, Poland
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Carvalho DN, Lobo FCM, Rodrigues LC, Fernandes EM, Williams DS, Mearns-Spragg A, Sotelo CG, Perez-Martín RI, Reis RL, Gelinsky M, Silva TH. Advanced Polymeric Membranes as Biomaterials Based on Marine Sources Envisaging the Regeneration of Human Tissues. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030247. [PMID: 36975696 PMCID: PMC10048504 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-repair capacity of human tissue is limited, motivating the arising of tissue engineering (TE) in building temporary scaffolds that envisage the regeneration of human tissues, including articular cartilage. However, despite the large number of preclinical data available, current therapies are not yet capable of fully restoring the entire healthy structure and function on this tissue when significantly damaged. For this reason, new biomaterial approaches are needed, and the present work proposes the development and characterization of innovative polymeric membranes formed by blending marine origin polymers, in a chemical free cross-linking approach, as biomaterials for tissue regeneration. The results confirmed the production of polyelectrolyte complexes molded as membranes, with structural stability resulting from natural intermolecular interactions between the marine biopolymers collagen, chitosan and fucoidan. Furthermore, the polymeric membranes presented adequate swelling ability without compromising cohesiveness (between 300 and 600%), appropriate surface properties, revealing mechanical properties similar to native articular cartilage. From the different formulations studied, the ones performing better were the ones produced with 3 % shark collagen, 3% chitosan and 10% fucoidan, as well as with 5% jellyfish collagen, 3% shark collagen, 3% chitosan and 10% fucoidan. Overall, the novel marine polymeric membranes demonstrated to have promising chemical, and physical properties for tissue engineering approaches, namely as thin biomaterial that can be applied over the damaged articular cartilage aiming its regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Nuno Carvalho
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Flávia C. M. Lobo
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luísa C. Rodrigues
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - David S. Williams
- Jellagen Limited, Unit G6, Capital Business Park, Parkway, St Mellons, Cardiff CF3 2PY, UK
| | - Andrew Mearns-Spragg
- Jellagen Limited, Unit G6, Capital Business Park, Parkway, St Mellons, Cardiff CF3 2PY, UK
| | - Carmen G. Sotelo
- Group of Food Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ricardo I. Perez-Martín
- Group of Food Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tiago H. Silva
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark 4805-017, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351253510931
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Cartilage repair strategies in the knee according to Dutch Orthopedic Surgeons: a survey study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023:10.1007/s00402-023-04800-6. [PMID: 36810798 PMCID: PMC10374775 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-023-04800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study surveyed Dutch orthopedic surgeons on the management of cartilage defects in the knee and the adherence to the recently updated Dutch knee cartilage repair consensus statement (DCS). METHODS A web-based survey was sent to 192 Dutch knee specialists. RESULTS The response rate was 60%. Microfracture, debridement and osteochondral autografts are performed by the majority, 93%, 70% and 27% of respondents, respectively. Complex techniques are used by < 7%. Microfracture is mainly considered in defects 1-2 cm2 (by > 80%) but also in 2-3 cm2 (by > 40%). Concomitant procedures, e.g., malalignment corrections, are performed by 89%. Twenty-one percent of surgeons treat patients aged 40-60 years. Microfracture, debridement and autologous chondrocyte implantation are not considered to be highly affected by age > 40 years by any of the respondents (0-3%). Moreover, for the middle-aged there is a large spread in treatments considered. In case of loose bodies, the majority (84%) only performs refixation in the presence of attached bone. CONCLUSION Small cartilage defects in ideal patients may be well treated by general orthopedic surgeons. The matter becomes complicated in older patients, or in case of larger defects or malalignment. The current study reveals some knowledge gaps for these more complex patients. Referral to tertiary centers might be indicated, as is stated by the DCS, and this centralization should enhance knee joint preservation. Since the data from present study are subjective, registration of all separate cartilage repair cases should fuel objective analysis of clinical practice and adherence to the DCS in the future.
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Schneider C, Nürnberger S. Decellularization of Articular Cartilage: A Hydrochloric Acid-Based Strategy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:301-311. [PMID: 36355300 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Removing cellular material from a tissue, a process called decellularization, reduces the risk of adverse host reactions, allows for efficient decontamination, and extends the shelf-life of the matrix. It facilitates the use of cartilage tissue as human-derived allograft, thus providing the field of cartilage regeneration with a biomaterial unmatched in its similarity to native cartilage in terms of structure, composition, and mechanical properties.The dense extracellular matrix of articular cartilage requires a particularly thorough process to achieve the removal of cells, cell debris, and reagents used in the process. In our studies (Nürnberger et al., EBioMedicine 64:103196, 2021; Schneider et al., Tissue Eng Part C Methods 22(12):1095-1107, 2016), we have successfully developed a protocol for achieving decellularization via physical, chemical, and enzymatic steps. Combining freeze-thaw cycles for devitalization, hydrochloric acid as decellularization agent and the enzymatic removal of glycosaminoglycans, results in an acellular scaffold that is fully biocompatible and promotes cellular attachment. The structure and sophisticated architecture of collagen type II is left intact.This chapter provides a comprehensive guide to the steps and reagents needed to decellularize articular cartilage. In addition to the standard decell-deGAG protocol, a fast option is given which is suitable for thin specimen. Histological evaluation is presented to illustrate treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schneider
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, Vienna, Austria.
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Bozhokin MS, Bozhkova SA, Sopova JV, Mikhailova ER, Marchenko DV, Khotin MG. Effect of recombinant Sox9 protein on the expression of cartilage-specific genes in human dermal fibroblasts cell culture. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.90447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Damage to the hyaline layer of large joints resulting from injuries or age-related changes restricts their mobility. The repair of these disorders is an actual issue in medicine. One of the promising therapies is the usage of cell engineering constructs based on a biodegradable scaffold and a modified cell culture. A frequently used method to modify the proliferation of cell culture for tissue engineering of hyaline cartilage, which makes it possible to introduce an experimental technique into clinical practice, is the application of recombinant proteins that affect chondrogenesis and lead to increase synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. The goal of this work was to elucidate the effect of the key transcription factor in the chondrogenesis process – Sox9 protein – on the expression of genes responsible for chondrogenesis (Tgfβ3, Sox9, Acan, Comp, Col2a1).
Materials and methods: Human dermal fibroblasts were used as a cell culture; recombinant Sox9 was added at each change of medium; the modification was carried out for 21 days, and difference in gene expression was determined by real-time PCR and -ΔΔCt method.
Results and discussion: To assess the effectiveness of fibroblast modification, we analyzed the changing of expression of genes responsible for chondrogenesis (Tgfß3, Sox9, Col2a1, Acan, Comp). We studied the direct effect of different concentrations of the recombinant Sox9 protein on the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts in the chondrogenic direction. We showed that the addition of the recombinant Sox9 protein in various concentration did not significantly change the expression of both the genes encoding proteins of the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage (Acan, Col2a1, Comp) and the genes encoding chondrogenesis inducers (Tgfß3, Sox9).
Conclusion: As a result of the experiments, it was shown that the recombinant Sox9 protein has practically no effect on chondrogenic differentiation and does not significantly change the expression of chondrogenesis genes.
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Wodzig M, Peters M, Emanuel K, Van Hugten P, Wijnen W, Jutten L, Boymans T, Loeffen D, Emans P. Minced Autologous Chondral Fragments with Fibrin Glue as a Simple Promising One-Step Cartilage Repair Procedure: A Clinical and MRI Study at 12-Month Follow-Up. Cartilage 2022; 13:19-31. [PMID: 36305343 PMCID: PMC9924984 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221126343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate early radiological and clinical outcome of autologous minced cartilage treatment as a single-step treatment option in patients with a chondral or osteochondral lesion (OCL) in the knee. DESIGN Eighteen patients with an OCL in the knee were included. Cartilage from healthy-appearing loose bodies and/or the periphery of the defect were minced into small chips and sealed in the defect using fibrin glue. Preoperatively, and at 3 (n = 14) and 12 (n = 18) months follow-up, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. The Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) 2.0 score was used to assess the cartilage repair tissue on MRI at 12 months. The International Knee Documentation Score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, EuroQoL-5D, and Visual Analogue Scale pain were collected preoperatively and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Three months postoperative, MRI showed complete defect filling in 11 out of 14 patients. Mean MOCART 2.0 score at 12 months was 65.0 ± 18.9 with higher scores for lateral femoral chondral lesions compared to medial femoral chondral lesions (75.8 ± 14.3, 52.5 ± 15.8 respectively, P = 0.02). Clinical and statistical significant improvements were observed in the patient-reported outcome measures at 12 months postoperatively compared to preoperatively. CONCLUSION Treatment of OCLs using the autologous minced cartilage procedure resulted in good cartilage repair measured by MOCART 2.0. Clinically relevant improvements were observed in the clinical scores. This study suggests autologous minced cartilage as a promising, single-step treatment for OCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.H.H. Wodzig
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Netherlands,M.H.H. Wodzig, Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center,
Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
| | | | - K.S. Emanuel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Netherlands,Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P.P.W. Van Hugten
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
| | - W. Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
| | - L.M. Jutten
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
| | - T.A. Boymans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
| | - D.V. Loeffen
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht
University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P.J. Emans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Joint-Preserving Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
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11
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Liu X, Sun S, Wang N, Kang R, Xie L, Liu X. Therapeutic application of hydrogels for bone-related diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:998988. [PMID: 36172014 PMCID: PMC9510597 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.998988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-related diseases caused by trauma, infection, and aging affect people’s health and quality of life. The prevalence of bone-related diseases has been increasing yearly in recent years. Mild bone diseases can still be treated with conservative drugs and can be cured confidently. However, serious bone injuries caused by large-scale trauma, fractures, bone tumors, and other diseases are challenging to heal on their own. Open surgery must be used for intervention. The treatment method also faces the problems of a long cycle, high cost, and serious side effects. Studies have found that hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their good biocompatibility and biodegradability and show great potential in treating bone-related diseases. This paper mainly introduces the properties and preparation methods of hydrogels, reviews the application of hydrogels in bone-related diseases (including bone defects, bone fracture, cartilage injuries, and osteosarcoma) in recent years. We also put forward suggestions according to the current development status, pointing out a new direction for developing high-performance hydrogels more suitable for bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Liu
- Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuoshuo Sun
- Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Kang
- Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Kang, ; Lin Xie, ; Xin Liu,
| | - Lin Xie
- Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Kang, ; Lin Xie, ; Xin Liu,
| | - Xin Liu
- Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Kang, ; Lin Xie, ; Xin Liu,
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12
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Rahman G, Frazier TP, Gimble JM, Mohiuddin OA. The Emerging Use of ASC/Scaffold Composites for the Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:893992. [PMID: 35845419 PMCID: PMC9280640 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.893992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is composed of chondrocytes surrounded by a porous permeable extracellular matrix. It has a limited spontaneous healing capability post-injury which, if left untreated, can result in severe osteochondral disease. Currently, osteochondral (OC) defects are treated by bone marrow stimulation, artificial joint replacement, or transplantation of bone, cartilage, and periosteum, while autologous osteochondral transplantation is also an option; it carries the risk of donor site damage and is limited only to the treatment of small defects. Allografts may be used for larger defects; however, they have the potential to elicit an immune response. A possible alternative solution to treat osteochondral diseases involves the use of stromal/stem cells. Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) can differentiate into cartilage and bone cells. The ASC can be combined with both natural and synthetic scaffolds to support cell delivery, growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Combinations of both types of scaffolds along with ASCs and/or growth factors have shown promising results for the treatment of OC defects based on in vitro and in vivo experiments. Indeed, these findings have translated to several active clinical trials testing the use of ASC-scaffold composites on human subjects. The current review critically examines the literature describing ASC-scaffold composites as a potential alternative to conventional therapies for OC tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Rahman
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Omair A. Mohiuddin
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Omair A. Mohiuddin,
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13
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Zhao T, Wei Z, Zhu W, Weng X. Recent Developments and Current Applications of Hydrogels in Osteoarthritis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040132. [PMID: 35447692 PMCID: PMC9024926 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that causes disability if left untreated. The treatment of OA currently requires a proper delivery system that avoids the loss of therapeutic ingredients. Hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering as a platform for carrying drugs and stem cells, and the anatomical environment of the limited joint cavity is suitable for hydrogel therapy. This review begins with a brief introduction to OA and hydrogels and illustrates the effects, including the analgesic effects, of hydrogel viscosupplementation on OA. Then, considering recent studies of hydrogels and OA, three main aspects, including drug delivery systems, mesenchymal stem cell entrapment, and cartilage regeneration, are described. Hydrogel delivery improves drug retention in the joint cavity, making it possible to deliver some drugs that are not suitable for traditional injection; hydrogels with characteristics similar to those of the extracellular matrix facilitate cell loading, proliferation, and migration; hydrogels can promote bone regeneration, depending on their own biochemical properties or on loaded proregenerative factors. These applications are interlinked and are often researched together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (T.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhanqi Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (T.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (T.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (T.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue bioengineering cartilages. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Yuan Z, Long T, Zhang J, Lyu Z, Zhang W, Meng X, Qi J, Wang Y. 3D printed porous sulfonated polyetheretherketone scaffold for cartilage repair: Potential and limitation. J Orthop Translat 2022; 33:90-106. [PMID: 35330941 PMCID: PMC8913250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The treatment of cartilage lesions has always been a difficult problem. Although cartilage tissue engineering provides alternative treatment options for cartilage lesions, biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds have limitations. Methods In this study, we constructed a porous PEEK scaffold via 3D printing, surface-engineered with concentrated sulfuric acid for 15 s (SPK-15), 30 s (SPK-30), and 60 s (SPK-60). We systematically evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics and biofunctionalities of the scaffolds, and then evaluated the macrophage polarization modulating ability and anti-inflammatory effects of the sulfonated PEEK, and observed the cartilage-protective effect of SPK using a co-culture study. We further evaluated the repair effect of PEEK and SPK by implanting the prosthetic scaffold into a cartilage defect in a rabbit model. Results Compared to the PEEK, SPK-15 and SPK-60 scaffolds, SPK-30 has a good micro/nanostructure, appropriate biomechanical properties (compressive modulus, 43 ± 5 MPa; Shaw hardness, 20.6 ± 1.3 HD; close to native cartilage, 30 ± 8 MPa, 17.8 ± 0.8 HD), and superior biofunctionalities. Compared to PEEK, sulfonated PEEK can favor macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype, which increases anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Furthermore, SPK can also prevent macrophage-induced cartilage degeneration. The in-vivo animal experiment demonstrates that SPK can favor new tissue ingrowth and integration, prevent peri-scaffold cartilage degeneration and patellar cartilage degeneration, inhibit inflammatory cytokine secretion, and promote cartilage function restoration. Conclusion The present study confirmed that the 3D printed porous sulfonated PEEK scaffold could promote cartilage functional repair, and suggests a new promising strategy for treating cartilage defects with a functional prosthesis that spontaneously inhibits nearby cartilage degeneration. Translational potential of this article In the present study, we propose a new cartilage repair strategy based on a porous, non-biodegradable polyetheretherketone (PEEK) scaffold, which may bring up a new treatment route for elderly patients with cartilage lesions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Yuan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Long
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuocheng Lyu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangchao Meng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Klimek K, Tarczynska M, Truszkiewicz W, Gaweda K, Douglas TEL, Ginalska G. Freeze-Dried Curdlan/Whey Protein Isolate-Based Biomaterial as Promising Scaffold for Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation-A Pilot In-Vitro Study. Cells 2022; 11:282. [PMID: 35053397 PMCID: PMC8773726 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to establish whether a novel freeze-dried curdlan/whey protein isolate-based biomaterial may be taken into consideration as a potential scaffold for matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation. For this reason, this biomaterial was initially characterized by the visualization of its micro- and macrostructures as well as evaluation of its mechanical stability, and its ability to undergo enzymatic degradation in vitro. Subsequently, the cytocompatibility of the biomaterial towards human chondrocytes (isolated from an orthopaedic patient) was assessed. It was demonstrated that the novel freeze-dried curdlan/whey protein isolate-based biomaterial possessed a porous structure and a Young's modulus close to those of the superficial and middle zones of cartilage. It also exhibited controllable degradability in collagenase II solution over nine weeks. Most importantly, this biomaterial supported the viability and proliferation of human chondrocytes, which maintained their characteristic phenotype. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis and confocal microscope observations revealed that the biomaterial may protect chondrocytes from dedifferentiation towards fibroblast-like cells during 12-day culture. Thus, in conclusion, this pilot study demonstrated that novel freeze-dried curdlan/whey protein isolate-based biomaterial may be considered as a potential scaffold for matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klimek
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Marta Tarczynska
- Department and Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Wieslaw Truszkiewicz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Krzysztof Gaweda
- Department and Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Timothy E. L. Douglas
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Gillow Avenue, Lancaster LA 1 4YW, UK;
- Materials Science Institute (MSI), Lancaster University, Lancaster LA 1 4YW, UK
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.T.); (G.G.)
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17
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Wei W, Dai H. Articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering techniques: Recent advances and challenges. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4830-4855. [PMID: 34136726 PMCID: PMC8175243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the considerable achievements in the field of regenerative medicine in the past several decades, osteochondral defect regeneration remains a challenging issue among diseases in the musculoskeletal system because of the spatial complexity of osteochondral units in composition, structure and functions. In order to repair the hierarchical tissue involving different layers of articular cartilage, cartilage-bone interface and subchondral bone, traditional clinical treatments including palliative and reparative methods have showed certain improvement in pain relief and defect filling. It is the development of tissue engineering that has provided more promising results in regenerating neo-tissues with comparable compositional, structural and functional characteristics to the native osteochondral tissues. Here in this review, some basic knowledge of the osteochondral units including the anatomical structure and composition, the defect classification and clinical treatments will be first introduced. Then we will highlight the recent progress in osteochondral tissue engineering from perspectives of scaffold design, cell encapsulation and signaling factor incorporation including bioreactor application. Clinical products for osteochondral defect repair will be analyzed and summarized later. Moreover, we will discuss the current obstacles and future directions to regenerate the damaged osteochondral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, China
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18
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Jellyfish Collagen: A Biocompatible Collagen Source for 3D Scaffold Fabrication and Enhanced Chondrogenicity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080405. [PMID: 34436244 PMCID: PMC8400217 DOI: 10.3390/md19080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease leading to degeneration of articular cartilage, causing morbidity in approximately 8.5 million of the UK population. As the dense extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is primarily composed of collagen, cartilage repair strategies have exploited the biocompatibility and mechanical strength of bovine and porcine collagen to produce robust scaffolds for procedures such as matrix-induced chondrocyte implantation (MACI). However, mammalian sourced collagens pose safety risks such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and possible transmission of viral vectors. This study characterised a non-mammalian jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo) collagen as an alternative, safer source in scaffold production for clinical use. Jellyfish collagen demonstrated comparable scaffold structural properties and stability when compared to mammalian collagen. Jellyfish collagen also displayed comparable immunogenic responses (platelet and leukocyte activation/cell death) and cytokine release profile in comparison to mammalian collagen in vitro. Further histological analysis of jellyfish collagen revealed bovine chondroprogenitor cell invasion and proliferation in the scaffold structures, where the scaffold supported enhanced chondrogenesis in the presence of TGFβ1. This study highlights the potential of jellyfish collagen as a safe and biocompatible biomaterial for both OA repair and further regenerative medicine applications.
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Stampoultzis T, Karami P, Pioletti DP. Thoughts on cartilage tissue engineering: A 21st century perspective. Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 69:103299. [PMID: 34192658 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mature individuals, hyaline cartilage demonstrates a poor intrinsic capacity for repair, thus even minor defects could result in progressive degeneration, impeding quality of life. Although numerous attempts have been made over the past years for the advancement of effective treatments, significant challenges still remain regarding the translation of in vitro cartilage engineering strategies from bench to bedside. This paper reviews the latest concepts on engineering cartilage tissue in view of biomaterial scaffolds, tissue biofabrication, mechanobiology, as well as preclinical studies in different animal models. The current work is not meant to provide a methodical review, rather a perspective of where the field is currently focusing and what are the requirements for bridging the gap between laboratory-based research and clinical applications, in light of the current state-of-the-art literature. While remarkable progress has been accomplished over the last 20 years, the current sophisticated strategies have reached their limit to further enhance healthcare outcomes. Considering a clinical aspect together with expertise in mechanobiology, biomaterial science and biofabrication methods, will aid to deal with the current challenges and will present a milestone for the furtherance of functional cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peyman Karami
- Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Elbardesy H, Nagle M, Simmons L, Harty J. The partial femoral condyle focal resurfacing (HemiCAP-UniCAP) for treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects, systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Orthop Belg 2021. [DOI: 10.52628/87.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Knee osteochondral defects are a common problem among people, especially young and active patients. So effective joint preserving surgeries is essential to prevent or even delay the onset of osteoarthritis for these group of patients. This study aims to critically appraise and evaluate the evidence for the results and effectiveness of femoral condyle resurfacing (HemiCAP/ UniCAP) in treatment of patients with focal femoral condyle cartilage defect.
Using the search terms : HemiCAP, UniCAP, Episurf, focal, femoral, condyle, inlay and resur-facing, we reviewed the PubMed and EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) to find any articles published up to March 2020.
The short term follow-up of the HemiCAP shows (6.74 %) revision rate. However, 29.13 % loss of follow up let us consider these results with caution especially if the revision rate progressively increased with time to 19.3 % in 5-7 years with no enough evidence for the long term results except the data from the Australian Joint Registry 2018, where the cumulative revision rate was 40.6 % (33.5, 48.4) at ten years. The UniCAP that used for defect more than 4 cm 2 has a high revision rate (53.66 %) which is considered unacceptable revision rate in com-parison to another similar prosthesis such as Uni-Knee Arthroplasty (UKA).
The evidence from published studies and our meta- analysis suggests that partial resurfacing of the femoral condyle (HemiCAP) doesn’t support its usage as a tool to treat the focal cartilage defect in middle- aged patients.
The UniCAP as femoral condyle resurfacing has very high revision rate at 5-7 years (53.66 %) which make us recommend against its usage.
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21
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Davis S, Roldo M, Blunn G, Tozzi G, Roncada T. Influence of the Mechanical Environment on the Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:603408. [PMID: 33585430 PMCID: PMC7873466 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.603408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a highly specialised connective tissue of diarthrodial joints which provides a smooth, lubricated surface for joint articulation and plays a crucial role in the transmission of loads. In vivo cartilage is subjected to mechanical stimuli that are essential for cartilage development and the maintenance of a chondrocytic phenotype. Cartilage damage caused by traumatic injuries, ageing, or degradative diseases leads to impaired loading resistance and progressive degeneration of both the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. Since the tissue has limited self-repairing capacity due its avascular nature, restoration of its mechanical properties is still a major challenge. Tissue engineering techniques have the potential to heal osteochondral defects using a combination of stem cells, growth factors, and biomaterials that could produce a biomechanically functional tissue, representative of native hyaline cartilage. However, current clinical approaches fail to repair full-thickness defects that include the underlying subchondral bone. Moreover, when tested in vivo, current tissue-engineered grafts show limited capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue due to poor integration with host cartilage and the failure to retain structural integrity after insertion, resulting in reduced mechanical function. The aim of this review is to examine the optimal characteristics of osteochondral scaffolds. Additionally, an overview on the latest biomaterials potentially able to replicate the natural mechanical environment of articular cartilage and their role in maintaining mechanical cues to drive chondrogenesis will be detailed, as well as the overall mechanical performance of grafts engineered using different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Davis
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Tosca Roncada
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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22
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Characterization of Properties, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Calcium Phosphate/Amino Acid Cements for Treatment of Osteochondral Defects. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020436. [PMID: 33477289 PMCID: PMC7830446 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel calcium phosphate cements containing a mixture of four amino acids, glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and either lysine or arginine (CAL, CAK) were characterized and used for treatment of artificial osteochondral defects in knee. It was hypothesized that an enhanced concentration of extracellular collagen amino acids (in complex mixture), in connection with bone cement in defect sites, would support the healing of osteochondral defects with successful formation of hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone. Calcium phosphate cement mixtures were prepared by in situ reaction in a planetary ball mill at aseptic conditions and characterized. It was verified that about 30–60% of amino acids remained adsorbed on hydroxyapatite particles in cements and the addition of amino acids caused around 60% reduction in compressive strength and refinement of hydroxyapatite particles in their microstructure. The significant over-expression of osteogenic genes after the culture of osteoblasts was demonstrated in the cement extracts containing lysine and compared with other cements. The cement pastes were inserted into artificial osteochondral defects in the medial femoral condyle of pigs and, after 3 months post-surgery, tissues were analyzed macroscopically, histologically, immunohistochemically using MRI and X-ray methods. Analysis clearly showed the excellent healing process of artificial osteochondral defects in pigs after treatment with CAL and CAK cements without any inflammation, as well as formation of subchondral bone and hyaline cartilage morphologically and structurally identical to the original tissues. Good integration of the hyaline neocartilage with the surrounding tissue, as well as perfect interconnection between the neocartilage and new subchondral bone tissue, was demonstrated. Tissues were stable after 12 months’ healing.
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Zhou L, Gjvm VO, Malda J, Stoddart MJ, Lai Y, Richards RG, Ki-Wai Ho K, Qin L. Innovative Tissue-Engineered Strategies for Osteochondral Defect Repair and Regeneration: Current Progress and Challenges. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001008. [PMID: 33103381 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical treatments for the repair of osteochondral defects (OCD) are merely palliative, not completely curative, and thus enormously unfulfilled challenges. With the in-depth studies of biology, medicine, materials, and engineering technology, the conception of OCD repair and regeneration should be renewed. During the past decades, many innovative tissue-engineered approaches for repairing and regenerating damaged osteochondral units have been widely explored. Various scaffold-free and scaffold-based strategies, such as monophasic, biphasic, and currently fabricated multiphasic and gradient architectures have been proposed and evaluated. Meanwhile, progenitor cells and tissue-specific cells have also been intensively investigated in vivo as well as ex vivo. Concerning bioactive factors and drugs, they have been combined with scaffolds and/or living cells, and even released in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Although tremendous progress has been achieved, further research and development (R&D) is needed to convert preclinical outcomes into clinical applications. Here, the osteochondral unit structure, its defect classifications, and diagnosis are summarized. Commonly used clinical reparative techniques, tissue-engineered strategies, emerging 3D-bioprinting technologies, and the status of their clinical applications are discussed. Existing challenges to translation are also discussed and potential solutions for future R&D directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Zhou
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Van Osch Gjvm
- Department of Orthopedics and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, 2600 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics of University Medical Center Utrecht, and Department of Clinical Sciences of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CS, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, CH 7270, Switzerland
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - R Geoff Richards
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, CH 7270, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Ki-Wai Ho
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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Wasyłeczko M, Sikorska W, Chwojnowski A. Review of Synthetic and Hybrid Scaffolds in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E348. [PMID: 33212901 PMCID: PMC7698415 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue is under extensive investigation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine studies because of its limited regenerative potential. Currently, many scaffolds are undergoing scientific and clinical research. A key for appropriate scaffolding is the assurance of a temporary cellular environment that allows the cells to function as in native tissue. These scaffolds should meet the relevant requirements, including appropriate architecture and physicochemical and biological properties. This is necessary for proper cell growth, which is associated with the adequate regeneration of cartilage. This paper presents a review of the development of scaffolds from synthetic polymers and hybrid materials employed for the engineering of cartilage tissue and regenerative medicine. Initially, general information on articular cartilage and an overview of the clinical strategies for the treatment of cartilage defects are presented. Then, the requirements for scaffolds in regenerative medicine, materials intended for membranes, and methods for obtaining them are briefly described. We also describe the hybrid materials that combine the advantages of both synthetic and natural polymers, which provide better properties for the scaffold. The last part of the article is focused on scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering that have been confirmed by undergoing preclinical and clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wasyłeczko
- Nałęcz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4 str., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland; (W.S.); (A.C.)
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25
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Damen AHA, Nickien M, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. The performance of resurfacing implants for focal cartilage defects depends on the degenerative condition of the opposing cartilage. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 79:105052. [PMID: 32591239 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-degradable resurfacing implants are being developed for treatment of focal cartilage defects. Performance of these implants has been investigated opposing intact cartilage. This study investigates whether implants would perform equally well when the opposing cartilage is fibrillated. METHODS Human osteochondral strips (~2x1x1 cm) with a smooth (n = 9) or fibrillated (n = 17) cartilage surface were obtained from human tibial plateaus excised during total knee arthroscopy. A custom-made pin-on-plate sliding indenter was used to apply simultaneous compression (0.75-3 MPa) and movement (4 mm/s over 6 mm). Either metal implants, polycarbonate-urethane or healthy porcine osteochondral plugs with a diameter of 6 mm were used as indenter. FINDINGS Cartilage roughness of the osteochondral strips was significantly higher for the fibrillated than the smooth group prior to sliding-indentation. Roughness of the indenters was not significantly altered by sliding indentation using either smooth or fibrillated cartilage. For all but one sample, sliding of smooth cartilage against any of the indenter surfaces did not cause damage. However, samples with fibrillated cartilage showed varied responses from seemingly unaffected to severe tissue wear as quantified by analysis of Indian ink staining and histology. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that the opposing cartilage quality is relevant for the clinical success of implanting an artificial implant in a focal cartilage defect. Therefore it is essential to test the efficacy of newly developed implants against arthritic joint surfaces, and care should be taken when interpreting in vivo studies in which implants are inserted in healthy joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H A Damen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - M Nickien
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - C C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands.
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26
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Burge AJ, Jawetz ST. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Osteoarthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2020; 24:355-366. [PMID: 32992364 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability throughout the world. Current therapeutic strategies are aimed at preventing the development and delaying the progression of OA, as well as repairing or replacing worn articular surfaces, because the regeneration of lost hyaline articular cartilage is not currently a clinically feasible option. Imaging is useful in formulating treatment strategies in patients at risk for OA, allowing assessment of risk factors, the degree of preexisting tissue damage, and posttreatment monitoring. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in particular, provides in-depth evaluation of these patients, with optimal clinical sequencing allowing sensitive assessment of chondral signal and morphology, and the addition of advanced MRI techniques facilitating comprehensive evaluation of joint health, with increased sensitivity for changes in articular cartilage and surrounding joint tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Burge
- Department of Radiology and Imaging (MRI), MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Shari T Jawetz
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
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27
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Abdollahiyan P, Oroojalian F, Mokhtarzadeh A, Guardia M. Hydrogel‐Based 3D Bioprinting for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000095. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Abdollahiyan
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz 5166614731 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies School of Medicine North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Bojnurd 7487794149 Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz 5166614731 Iran
| | - Miguel Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Valencia Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot Valencia 46100 Spain
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28
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Hevesi M, Jacob G, Shimomura K, Ando W, Nakamura N, Krych AJ. Current hip cartilage regeneration/repair modalities: a scoping review of biologics and surgery. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 45:319-333. [PMID: 32910240 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-020-04789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rapidly growing and emerging nature of biologics have made indications for regenerative and reparative hip therapies ever changing, with at times only early-stage evidence for their use. The purpose of this study was to review and summarize the currently available data on the management of hip cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis. METHODS A scoping review of the available scientific literature for hip biologics was performed, with available evidence for hyaluronic acid (HA), platelet rich plasma (PRP), stem/stromal cells, microfracture, mosaicplasty, osteochondral allograft, and cell-based therapies investigated. RESULTS To date, there exist better guidelines and further consensus concerning knee joint biologic treatments than the hip due to a greater number of studies as well as the more recent emergence of hip preservation approaches. However, increasing evidence is available for the selective implementation of biologics on an individualized basis with attention to lesion size and location. CONCLUSION Orthopedic surgeons are at an exciting crossroads in medicine, where hip biologic therapies are evolving and increasingly available. Timetested interventions such as arthroplasty have shown good results and still have a major role to play but newer, regenerative approaches have the potential to effectively delay or reduce the requirement for such invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hevesi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - George Jacob
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ando
- Department of Orthopaedic Medical Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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29
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Frassica MT, Grunlan MA. Perspectives on Synthetic Materials to Guide Tissue Regeneration for Osteochondral Defect Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4324-4336. [PMID: 33455185 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative engineering holds the potential to treat clinically pervasive osteochondral defects (OCDs). In a synthetic materials-guided approach, the scaffold's chemical and physical properties alone instruct cellular behavior in order to effect regeneration, referred to herein as "instructive" properties. While this alleviates the costs and off-target risks associated with exogenous growth factors, the scaffold must be potently instructive to achieve tissue growth. Moreover, toward achieving functionality, such a scaffold should also recapitulate the spatial complexity of the osteochondral tissues. Thus, in addition to the regeneration of the articular cartilage and underlying cancellous bone, the complex osteochondral interface, composed of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone, should also be restored. In this Perspective, we highlight recent synthetic-based, instructive osteochondral scaffolds that have leveraged new material chemistries as well as innovative fabrication strategies. In particular, scaffolds with spatially complex chemical and morphological features have been prepared with electrospinning, solvent-casting-particulate-leaching, freeze-drying, and additive manufacturing. While few synthetic scaffolds have advanced to clinical studies to treat OCDs, these recent efforts point to the promising use of the chemical and physical properties of synthetic materials for regeneration of osteochondral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Frassica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2120, United States
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2120, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3003, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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30
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Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F, Zhang W, Riches P, Li B, Shu W. 3D biofabrication for soft tissue and cartilage engineering. Med Eng Phys 2020; 82:13-39. [PMID: 32709263 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue injuries (STIs) affect patients of all age groups and represent a common worldwide clinical problem, resulting from conditions including trauma, infection, cancer and burns. Within the spectrum of STIs a mixture of tissues can be injured, ranging from skin to underlying nerves, blood vessels, tendons and cartilaginous tissues. However, significant limitations affect current treatment options and clinical demand for soft tissue and cartilage regenerative therapies continues to rise. Improving the regeneration of soft tissues has therefore become a key area of focus within tissue engineering. As an emerging technology, 3D bioprinting can be used to build complex soft tissue constructs "from the bottom up," by depositing cells, growth factors, extracellular matrices and other biomaterials in a layer-by-layer fashion. In this way, regeneration of cartilage, skin, vasculature, nerves, tendons and other bodily tissues can be performed in a patient specific manner. This review will focus on recent use of 3D bioprinting and other biofabrication strategies in soft tissue repair and regeneration. Biofabrication of a variety of soft tissue types will be reviewed following an overview of available cell sources, bioinks and bioprinting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Turnbull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Building, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank G81 4DY, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Clarke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank G81 4DY, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Picard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Building, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank G81 4DY, United Kingdom
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Philip Riches
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Building, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenmiao Shu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Building, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, United Kingdom.
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31
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Abar B, Alonso-Calleja A, Kelly A, Kelly C, Gall K, West JL. 3D printing of high-strength, porous, elastomeric structures to promote tissue integration of implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:54-63. [PMID: 32418348 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in biomaterials research, there is no ideal device for replacing weight-bearing soft tissues like menisci or intervertebral discs due to poor integration with tissues and mechanical property mismatch. Designing an implant with a soft and porous tissue-contacting structure using a material conducive to cell attachment and growth could potentially address these limitations. Polycarbonate urethane (PCU) is a soft and tough biocompatible material that can be 3D printed into porous structures with controlled pore sizes. Porous biomaterials of appropriate chemistries can support cell proliferation and tissue ingrowth, but their optimal design parameters remain unclear. To investigate this, porous PCU structures were 3D-printed in a crosshatch pattern with a range of in-plane pore sizes (0 to 800 μm) forming fully interconnected porous networks. Printed porous structures had ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 1.9 to 11.6 MPa, strains to failure ranging from 300 to 486%, Young's moduli ranging from 0.85 to 12.42 MPa, and porosity ranging from 13 to 71%. These porous networks can be loaded with hydrogels, such as collagen gels, to provide additional biological support for cells. Bare PCU structures and collagen-hydrogel-filled porous PCU support robust NIH/3T3 fibroblast cell line proliferation over 14 days for all pore sizes. Results highlight PCU's potential in the development of tissue-integrating medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Abar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Alexander Kelly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cambre Kelly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ken Gall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer L West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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32
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Bozhokin MS, Sopova YV, Kachkin DV, Rubel AA, Khotin MG. Mechanisms of TGFβ3 Action as a Therapeutic Agent for Promoting the Synthesis of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Hyaline Cartilage. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:436-447. [PMID: 32569551 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is a nonvascular connective tissue covering the joint surface. It consists mostly of the extracellular matrix proteins and a small number of highly differentiated chondrocytes. At present, various techniques for repairing joint surfaces damage, for example, the use of modified cell cultures and biodegradable scaffolds, are under investigation. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage tissue proliferation have been also actively studied in recent years. TGFβ3, which plays a critical role in the proliferation of normal cartilage tissue, is one of the most important protein among cytokines and growth factors affecting chondrogenesis. By interacting directly with receptors on the cell membrane surface, TGFβ3 triggers a cascade of molecular interactions involving transcription factor Sox9. In this review, we describe the effects of TGFβ3 on the receptor complex activation and subsequent intracellular trafficking of Smad proteins and analyze the relation between these processes and upregulation of expression of major extracellular matrix genes, such as col2a1 and acan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bozhokin
- Vreden Russian Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, St. Petersburg, 195427, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Y V Sopova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg Branch, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - D V Kachkin
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A A Rubel
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - M G Khotin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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Munir N, McDonald A, Callanan A. Integrational Technologies for the Development of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds as Platforms in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12623-12636. [PMID: 32548446 PMCID: PMC7288368 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of osteoarthritis is on the rise, and an effective treatment for cartilage defects is still being sought. Cartilage tissue in vivo encompasses complex structures and composition, both of which influence cells and many properties of the native cartilage. The extracellular matrix structure and components provides both morphological cues and the necessary signals to promote cell functions including metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation. In the present study, cryo-printing and electrospinning were combined to produce multizone scaffolds that consist of three distinctive zones. These scaffolds successfully mimic the collagen fiber orientation of the native cartilage. Moreover, in vitro analysis of chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds demonstrated the ability of multizone scaffolds to support long-term chondrocyte attachment and survival over a 5 week culture period. Moreover, multizone scaffolds were found to regulate the expression of key genes in comparison to the controls and allowed the detection of sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Evaluation of the compressive properties revealed that the multizone scaffolds possess more suitable mechanical properties, for the native cartilage, in comparison to the electrospun and phase-separated controls. Multizone scaffolds provide viable initial platforms that capture the complex structure and compressive properties of the native cartilage. They also maintain chondrocyte phenotype and function, highlighting their potential in cartilage tissue engineering applications.
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34
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Su Z, Lin S, Chang Y, Yeh W, Chu I. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of
PCL–PEG–PCL
diacrylate and agarose interpenetrating network hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zih‐Cheng Su
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Shih‐Jie Lin
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan
- Bone and Joint Research CenterChang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Ling Yeh
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan
| | - I‐Ming Chu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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35
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Scognamiglio F, Travan A, Borgogna M, Donati I, Marsich E. Development of biodegradable membranes for the delivery of a bioactive chitosan‐derivative on cartilage defects: A preliminary investigation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1534-1545. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste Trieste Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health SciencesUniversity of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | | | | | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health SciencesUniversity of Trieste Trieste Italy
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36
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Abalymov A, Parakhonskiy B, Skirtach AG. Polymer- and Hybrid-Based Biomaterials for Interstitial, Connective, Vascular, Nerve, Visceral and Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E620. [PMID: 32182751 PMCID: PMC7182904 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, materials based on polymers and hybrids possessing both organic and inorganic contents for repairing or facilitating cell growth in tissue engineering are discussed. Pure polymer based biomaterials are predominantly used to target soft tissues. Stipulated by possibilities of tuning the composition and concentration of their inorganic content, hybrid materials allow to mimic properties of various types of harder tissues. That leads to the concept of "one-matches-all" referring to materials possessing the same polymeric base, but different inorganic content to enable tissue growth and repair, proliferation of cells, and the formation of the ECM (extra cellular matrix). Furthermore, adding drug delivery carriers to coatings and scaffolds designed with such materials brings additional functionality by encapsulating active molecules, antibacterial agents, and growth factors. We discuss here materials and methods of their assembly from a general perspective together with their applications in various tissue engineering sub-areas: interstitial, connective, vascular, nervous, visceral and musculoskeletal tissues. The overall aims of this review are two-fold: (a) to describe the needs and opportunities in the field of bio-medicine, which should be useful for material scientists, and (b) to present capabilities and resources available in the area of materials, which should be of interest for biologists and medical doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Abalymov
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Andre G. Skirtach
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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37
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Advances in cartilage repair: The influence of inorganic clays to improve mechanical and healing properties of antibacterial Gellan gum-Manuka honey hydrogels. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Burge AJ, Potter HG. Imaging of Failed Cartilage Repair. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2019.150710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Gugjoo MB, Fazili MUR, Gayas MA, Ahmad RA, Dhama K. Animal mesenchymal stem cell research in cartilage regenerative medicine - a review. Vet Q 2020; 39:95-120. [PMID: 31291836 PMCID: PMC8923021 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1643051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing of articular cartilage is a major clinical challenge as it also lacks a direct vasculature and nerves, and carries a limited number of resident chondrocytes that do not proliferate easily. Damaged articular cartilages are usually replaced by fibrocartilages, which are mechanically and structurally weaker and less resilient. Regenerative medicine involving stem cells is considered to have a definitive potential to overcome the limitations associated with the currently available surgical methods of cartilage repair. Among various stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are preferred for clinical applications. These cells can be readily derived from various sources and have the ability to trans-differentiate into various tissue-specific cells, including those of the cartilage by the process of chondrogenesis. Compared to embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), no ethical or teratogenic issues are associated with MSCs. These stem cells are being extensively evaluated for the treatment of joint affections and the results appear promising. Unlike human medicine, in veterinary medicine, the literature on stem cell research for cartilage regeneration is limited. This review, therefore, aims to comprehensively discuss the available literature and pinpoint the achievements and limitations associated with the use of MSCs for articular cartilage repair in animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raja Aijaz Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, FVSc and AH, SKUAST , Srinagar , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
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Bahcecioglu G, Bilgen B, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. Anatomical meniscus construct with zone specific biochemical composition and structural organization. Biomaterials 2019; 218:119361. [PMID: 31336280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A PCL/hydrogel construct that would mimic the structural organization, biochemistry and anatomy of meniscus was engineered. The compressive (380 ± 40 kPa) and tensile modulus (18.2 ± 0.9 MPa) of the PCL scaffolds were increased significantly when constructs were printed with a shifted design and circumferential strands mimicking the collagen organization in native tissue (p < 0.05). Presence of circumferentially aligned PCL strands also led to elongation and alignment of the human fibrochondrocytes. Gene expression of the cells in agarose (Ag), gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), and GelMA-Ag hydrogels was significantly higher than that of cells on the PCL scaffolds after a 21-day culture. GelMA exhibited the highest level of collagen type I (COL1A2) mRNA expression, while GelMA-Ag exhibited the highest level of aggrecan (AGG) expression (p < 0.001, compared to PCL). GelMA and GelMA-Ag exhibited a high level of collagen type II (COL2A1) expression (p < 0.05, compared to PCL). Anatomical scaffolds with circumferential PCL strands were impregnated with cell-loaded GelMA in the periphery and GelMA-Ag in the inner region. GelMA and GelMA-Ag hydrogels enhanced the production of COL 1 and COL 2 proteins after a 6-week culture (p < 0.05). COL 1 expression increased gradually towards the outer periphery, while COL 2 expression decreased. We were thus able to engineer an anatomical meniscus with a cartilage-like inner region and fibrocartilage-like outer region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bahcecioglu
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Bilgen
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - N Hasirci
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - V Hasirci
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Medical Engineering, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Szychlinska MA, D'Amora U, Ravalli S, Ambrosio L, Di Rosa M, Musumeci G. Functional Biomolecule Delivery Systems and Bioengineering in Cartilage Regeneration. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:32-46. [PMID: 30727886 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190206202048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease which involves articular cartilage, and leads to total joint disability in the advanced stages. Due to its avascular and aneural nature, damaged cartilage cannot regenerate itself. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering represent a promising route in OA therapy, in which cooperation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds contribute to cartilage regeneration. However, this approach still presents some limits such as poor mechanical properties of the engineered cartilage. The natural dynamic environment of the tissue repair process involves a collaboration of several signals expressed in the biological system in response to injury. For this reason, tissue engineering involving exogenous "influencers" such as mechanostimulation and functional biomolecule delivery systems (BDS), represent a promising innovative approach to improve the regeneration process. BDS provide a controlled release of biomolecules able to interact between them and with the injured tissue. Nano-dimensional BDS is the future hope for the design of personalized scaffolds, able to overcome the delivery problems. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an attractive alternative to BDS, due to their innate targeting abilities, immunomodulatory potential and biocompatibility. Future advances in cartilage regeneration should focus on multidisciplinary strategies such as modular assembly strategies, EVs, nanotechnology, 3D biomaterials, BDS, mechanobiology aimed at constructing the functional scaffolds for actively targeted biomolecule delivery. The aim of this review is to run through the different approaches adopted for cartilage regeneration, with a special focus on biomaterials, BDS and EVs explored in terms of their delivery potential, healing capabilities and mechanical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Ugo D'Amora
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, V.le J.F. Kennedy, 54, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, V.le J.F. Kennedy, 54, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
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Yodmuang S, Guo H, Brial C, Warren RF, Torzilli PA, Chen T, Maher SA. Effect of interface mechanical discontinuities on scaffold-cartilage integration. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:845-854. [PMID: 30690798 PMCID: PMC6957060 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A consistent lack of lateral integration between scaffolds and adjacent articular cartilage has been exhibited in vitro and in vivo. Given the mismatch in mechanical properties between scaffolds and articular cartilage, the mechanical discontinuity that occurs at the interface has been implicated as a key factor, but remains inadequately studied. Our objective was to investigate how the mechanical environment within a mechanically loaded scaffold-cartilage construct might affect integration. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the mechanical discontinuity at the scaffold-cartilage interface would be related to decreased integration. To test this hypothesis, chondrocyte seeded scaffolds were embedded into cartilage explants, pre-cultured for 14 days, and then mechanically loaded for 28 days at either 1N or 6N of applied load. Constructs were kept either peripherally confined or unconfined throughout the duration of the experiment. Stress, strain, fluid flow, and relative displacements at the cartilage-scaffold interface and within the scaffold were quantified using biphasic, inhomogeneous finite element models (bFEMs). The bFEMs indicated compressive and shear stress discontinuities occurred at the scaffold-cartilage interface for the confined and unconfined groups. The mechanical strength of the scaffold-cartilage interface and scaffold GAG content were higher in the radially confined 1N loaded groups. Multivariate regression analyses identified the strength of the interface prior to the commencement of loading and fluid flow within the scaffold as the main factors associated with scaffold-cartilage integration. Our study suggests a minimum level of scaffold-cartilage integration is needed prior to the commencement of loading, although the exact threshold has yet to be identified. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supansa Yodmuang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Hongqiang Guo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Caroline Brial
- Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York 10021 New York
| | - Russell F. Warren
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Peter A. Torzilli
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Tony Chen
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Suzanne A. Maher
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York,,Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York 10021 New York
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Deliormanlı AM, Atmaca H. Prechondrogenic ATDC5 cell response to graphene/multi-walled carbon nanotube-containing porous polycaprolactone biocomposite scaffolds. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1539984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin M. Deliormanlı
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Harika Atmaca
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Biology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey
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Bahcecioglu G, Hasirci N, Bilgen B, Hasirci V. A 3D printed PCL/hydrogel construct with zone-specific biochemical composition mimicking that of the meniscus. Biofabrication 2019; 11:025002. [PMID: 30530944 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aaf707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Engineering the meniscus is challenging due to its bizonal structure; the tissue is cartilaginous at the inner portion and fibrous at the outer portion. Here, we constructed an artificial meniscus mimicking the biochemical organization of the native tissue by 3D printing a meniscus shaped PCL scaffold and then impregnating it with agarose (Ag) and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels in the inner and outer regions, respectively. After incubating the constructs loaded with porcine fibrochondrocytes for 8 weeks, we demonstrated that presence of Ag enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production by about 4 fold (p < 0.001), while GelMA enhanced collagen production by about 50 fold (p < 0.001). In order to mimic the physiological loading environment, meniscus shaped PCL/hydrogel constructs were dynamically stimulated at strain levels gradually increasing from the outer region (2% of initial thickness) towards the inner region (10%). Incorporation of hydrogels protected the cells from the mechanical damage caused by dynamic stress. Dynamic stimulation resulted in increased ratio of collagen type II (COL 2) in the Ag-impregnated inner region (from 50% to 60% of total collagen), and increased ratio of collagen type I (COL 1) in the GelMA-impregnated outer region (from 60% to 70%). We were able to engineer a meniscus, which is cartilage-like at the inner portion and fibrocartilage-like at the outer portion. Our construct has a potential for use as a substitute for total meniscus replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Bahcecioglu
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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45
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Chitosan and its derivatives: synthesis, biotechnological applications, and future challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1557-1571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Heuijerjans A, Wilson W, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Osteochondral resurfacing implantation angle is more important than implant material stiffness. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2911-2922. [PMID: 29943463 PMCID: PMC6586006 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral resurfacing implants are a promising treatment for focal cartilage defects. Several implant-factors may affect the clinical outcome of this treatment, such as the implant material stiffness and the accuracy of implant placement, known to be challenging. In general, softer implants are expected to be more accommodating for implant misalignment than stiffer implants, and motion is expected to increase effects from implant misalignment and stiffness. 3D finite element models of cartilage/cartilage contact were employed in which implantation angle (0°, 5°, 10°) and implant material stiffness (E = 5 MPa, 100 MPa, 2 GPa) were varied. A creep loading (0.6 MPa) was simulated, followed by a sliding motion. Creep loading resulted in low maximum collagen strains of 2.5% in the intact case compared to 11.7% with an empty defect. Implants mostly positively affected collagen strains, deviatoric strains, and hydrostatic pressures in the adjacent cartilage, but these effects were superior for correct alignment (0°). The main effect of implant misalignment was bulging of opposing cartilage tissue into the gap caused by the misalignment. This increased collagen strains and hydrostatic pressures. Deviatoric strains were increased adjacent to the gap. Subsequent sliding initially increased strains for a stiff, misaligned implant, but generally sliding decreased strains. In conclusion, implants can decrease the detrimental effect of defects, but correct implant alignment is crucial, more than implant material stiffness. Implant misalignment causes a gap, causing potentially damaging cartilage deformation during prolonged loading, for example, standing, even for soft implants. Mild motion may positively affect the cartilage. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 36:2911-2922, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Heuijerjans
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Wilson
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C. van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Ye K, Traianedes K, Robins SA, Choong PFM, Myers DE. Osteochondral repair using an acellular dermal matrix-pilot in vivo study in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1919-1928. [PMID: 29244224 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this pilot project was to introduce a novel use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in combination with infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stromal cells (IPFP-MSCs) to effect repair in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. ADM, in a range of surgical procedures, has been shown to promote remodelling of tissue at the site of implantation. Rabbit-derived ADM (rabADM) was prepared from the skin of donor rabbits. Autologous IPFP-MSCs were obtained at the time of knee surgery. Osteochondral defects (4 mm cartilage outer/2 mm central bone defect) were drilled into distal femoral condyles of 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Treatments groups: (i) defect only; (ii) rabADM alone; (iii) IPFP-MSCs alone; and (iv) rabADM with IPFP-MSCs. Condyles were harvested at 12 weeks, and analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry (types I and II collagen) and histomorphometry to evaluate osteochondral repair. The rabADM only group achieved the highest ratio of type II to non-type II collagen (77.3%) using areal measures (similar to normal cartilage), which indicated a higher quality of cartilage repair. The addition of IPFP-MSCs, with or without rabADM, formed a fibrous collagen cap above the lesion site not seen with rabADM alone. Macroscopically, there was no joint erosion, inflammation, swelling or deformity, and all animals maintained full range of motion. CONCLUSIONS RabADM alone resulted in neocartilage formation similar to native cartilage. IPFP-MSCs limited osteochondral repair and contributed to fibrosis, even in combination with the rabADM. Further studies using ADM for osteochondral repair are warranted in a more appropriate pre-clinical model of osteochondral repair. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1919-1928, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ye
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Kathy Traianedes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Shalley A Robins
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Peter F M Choong
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Damian E Myers
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia.,Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University and The University of Melbourne, Western Centre for Health and Research Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Benito-Garzón L, Olmeda-Lozano M. In Situ Cross-Linkable Polymer Systems and Composites for Osteochondral Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:327-355. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vilela CA, Correia C, da Silva Morais A, Santos TC, Gertrudes AC, Moreira ES, Frias AM, Learmonth DA, Oliveira P, Oliveira JM, Sousa RA, Espregueira-Mendes JD, Reis RL. In vitro
and in vivo
performance of methacrylated gellan gum hydrogel formulations for cartilage repair*. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1987-1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Vilela
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Orthopaedic Department; Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimarães EPE; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Cristina Correia
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Alain da Silva Morais
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Tírcia C. Santos
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ana C. Gertrudes
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Elsa S. Moreira
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ana M. Frias
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - David A. Learmonth
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- ISUP-EPI Unit, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui A. Sousa
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - João D. Espregueira-Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence and D. Henrique Research Centre; Porto Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Chen L, Deng C, Li J, Yao Q, Chang J, Wang L, Wu C. 3D printing of a lithium-calcium-silicate crystal bioscaffold with dual bioactivities for osteochondral interface reconstruction. Biomaterials 2018; 196:138-150. [PMID: 29643002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to achieve self-healing outcoming for the osteochondral defects caused by degenerative diseases. The simultaneous regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone tissues is an effective therapeutic strategy for osteochondral defects. However, it is challenging to design a single type of bioscaffold with suitable ionic components and beneficial osteo/chondral-stimulation ability for regeneration of osteochondral defects. In this study, we successfully synthesized a pure-phase lithium calcium silicate (Li2Ca4Si4O13, L2C4S4) bioceramic by a sol-gel method, and further prepared L2C4S4 scaffolds by using a 3D-printing method. The compressive strength of L2C4S4 scaffolds could be well controlled in the range of 15-40 MPa when pore size varied from 170 to 400 μm. L2C4S4 scaffolds have been demonstrated to possess controlled biodegradability and good apatite-mineralization ability. At a certain concentration range, the ionic products from L2C4S4 significantly stimulated the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes, as well as promoted the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. L2C4S4 scaffolds simultaneously promoted the regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone as compared to pure β-TCP scaffolds in rabbit osteochondral defects. These findings suggest that 3D-printed L2C4S4 scaffolds with such specific ionic combination, high mechanical strength and good degradability as well as dual bioactivities, represent a promising biomaterial for osteochondral interface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Cuijun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, PR China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, PR China.
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China.
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, PR China
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China.
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