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Schmidt BVKJ. Trends in Polymers 2017/2018: Polymer Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E39. [PMID: 31881763 PMCID: PMC7023566 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer synthesis is a substantial area in polymer science and marks the starting point for all sorts of polymer materials that have a plethora of applications in everyday life but also in academic research [...].
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2
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Shi M, Cheng T, Zou H, Zhang N, Huang J, Xian M. The Preparation and Biomedical Application of Biopolyesters. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 20:331-340. [PMID: 31644401 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191015211156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biopolyesters represent a large family that can be obtained by polymerization of variable bio-derived hydroxyalkanoic acids. The monomer composition, molecular weight of the biopolyesters can affect the properties and applications of the polyesters. The majority of biopolyesters can either be biosynthesized from natural biofeedstocks or semi-synthesized (biopreparation of monomers followed by the chemical polymerization of the monomers). With the fast development of synthetic biology and biosynthesis techniques, the biosynthesis of unnatural biopolyesters (like lactate containing and aromatic biopolyesters) with improved performance and function has been a tendency. The presence of novel preparation methods, novel monomer composition has also significantly affected the properties, functions and applications of the biopolyesters. Due to the properties of biodegradability and biocompatibility, biopolyesters have great potential in biomedical applications (as implanting or covering biomaterials, drug carriers). Moreover, biopolyesters can be fused with other functional ingredients to achieve novel applications or improved functions. This study summarizes and compares the updated preparation methods of representative biopolyesters, also introduces the current status and future trends of their applications in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxun Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Cheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.,State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Huibin Zou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jingling Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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3
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Vidal F, Watson EM, Chen EYX. All-Methacrylic Stereoregular Triblock Co-polymer Thermoplastic Elastomers Toughened by Supramolecular Stereocomplexation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eli M. Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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4
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Liu M, Yin L, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhu X. Design and Synthesis of a Cyclic Double-Grafted Polymer Using Active Ester Chemistry and Click Chemistry via A "Grafting onto" Method. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E240. [PMID: 30960224 PMCID: PMC6419024 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Combing active ester chemistry and click chemistry, a cyclic double-grafted polymer was successfully demonstrated via a "grafting onto" method. Using active ester chemistry as post-functionalized modification approach, cyclic backbone (c-P2) was synthesized by reacting propargyl amine with cyclic precursor (poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzoate), c-PPF4VB6.5k). Hydroxyl-containing polymer double-chain (l-PS-PhOH) was prepared by reacting azide-functionalized polystyrene (l-PSN₃) with 3,5-bis(propynyloxy)phenyl methanol, and further modified by azide group to generate azide-containing polymer double-chain (l-PS-PhN₃). The cyclic backbone (c-P2) was then coupled with azide-containing polymer double-chain (l-PS-PhN₃) via CuAAC reaction to construct a novel cyclic double-grafted polymer (c-P2-g-Ph-PS). This research realized diversity and complexity of side chains on cyclic-grafted polymers, and this cyclic double-grafted polymer (c-P2-g-Ph-PS) still exhibited narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Lu Yin
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Global Institute of Software Technology, No 5. Qingshan Road, Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, Suzhou 215163, China.
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5
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Zhong P, Ma X, Xi H. Passivating ZnO Surface States by C60 Pyrrolidine Tris-Acid for Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/ZnO Nanorod Arrays. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E4. [PMID: 30966038 PMCID: PMC6415000 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of ordered electron acceptors is a feasible way to solve the issue of phase separation in polymer solar cells by using vertically-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs). However, the inert charge transfer between conducting polymer and ZnO limits the performance enhancement of this type of hybrid solar cells. In this work, a fullerene derivative named C60 pyrrolidine tris-acid is used to modify the interface of ZnO/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Results indicate that the C60 modification passivates the surface defects of ZnO and improves its intrinsic fluorescence. The quenching efficiency of P3HT photoluminescence is enhanced upon C60 functionalization, suggesting a more efficient charge transfer occurs across the modified P3HT/ZnO interface. Furthermore, the fullerene modified hybrid solar cell based on P3HT/ZnO NRAs displays substantially-enhanced performance as compared to the unmodified one and the devices with other modifiers, which is contributed to retarded recombination and enhanced exciton separation as evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectra. Therefore, fullerene passivation is a promising method to ameliorate the connection between conjugated polymers and metal oxides, and is applicable in diverse areas, such as solar cells, transistors, and light-emitting dioxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhong
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, 266 Xinglong Section of Xifeng Road, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Labof Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, 266 Xinglong Section of Xifeng Road, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Labof Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, China.
| | - He Xi
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, 266 Xinglong Section of Xifeng Road, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Labof Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, China.
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Usuki N, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Synthesis of Isotactic-block-Syndiotactic Poly(methyl Methacrylate) via Stereospecific Living Anionic Polymerizations in Combination with Metal-Halogen Exchange, Halogenation, and Click Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E723. [PMID: 30966020 PMCID: PMC6418547 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotactic (it-) and syndiotactic (st-) poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) form unique crystalline stereocomplexes, which are attractive from both fundamental and application viewpoints. This study is directed at the efficient synthesis of it- and st-stereoblock (it-b-st-) PMMAs via stereospecific living anionic polymerizations in combination with metal-halogen exchange, halogenation, and click reactions. The azide-capped it-PMMA was prepared by living anionic polymerization of MMA, which was initiated with t-BuMgBr in toluene at ⁻78 °C, and was followed by termination using CCl₄ as the halogenating agent in the presence of a strong Lewis base and subsequent azidation with NaN₃. The alkyne-capped st-PMMA was obtained by living anionic polymerization of MMA, which was initiated via an in situ metal-halogen exchange reaction between 1,1-diphenylhexyl lithium and an α-bromoester bearing a pendent silyl-protected alkyne group. Finally, copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between these complimentary pairs of polymers resulted in a high yield of it-b-st-PMMAs, with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The stereocomplexation was evaluated in CH₃CN and was affected by the block lengths and ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Usuki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Satoh
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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Wang Y, Hong M, Bailey TS, Chen EYX. Brush Polymer of Donor-Accepter Dyads via Adduct Formation between Lewis Base Polymer Donor and All Carbon Lewis Acid Acceptor. Molecules 2017; 22:E1564. [PMID: 28927009 PMCID: PMC6151805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic method that taps into the facile Lewis base (LB)→Lewis acid (LA) adduct forming reaction between the semiconducting polymeric LB and all carbon LA C60 for the construction of covalently linked donor-acceptor dyads and brush polymer of dyads is reported. The polymeric LB is built on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) macromers containing either an alkyl or vinyl imidazolium end group that can be readily converted into the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) LB site, while the brush polymer architecture is conveniently constructed via radical polymerization of the macromer P3HT with the vinyl imidazolium chain end. Simply mixing of such donor polymeric LB with C60 rapidly creates linked P3HT-C60 dyads and brush polymer of dyads in which C60 is covalently linked to the NHC junction connecting the vinyl polymer main chain and the brush P3HT side chains. Thermal behaviors, electronic absorption and emission properties of the resulting P3HT-C60 dyads and brush polymer of dyads have been investigated. The results show that a change of the topology of the P3HT-C60 dyad from linear to brush architecture enhances the crystallinity and Tm of the P3HT domain and, along with other findings, they indicate that the brush polymer architecture of donor-acceptor domains provides a promising approach to improve performances of polymer-based solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA.
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Travis S Bailey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1370, USA.
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA.
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