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Zhong J, Hu Y, Wang D, Zhou X, Yuan P, Luo B, Li Y. Enhancing Dental Material Performance: Tung Oil-Infused Polyurea Microcapsule Coatings for Self-Healing and Antimicrobial Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:918. [PMID: 38611176 PMCID: PMC11013920 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the realm of dental material innovation, this study pioneers the incorporation of tung oil into polyurea coatings, setting a new precedent for enhancing self-healing functionality and durability. Originating from an ancient practice, tung oil is distinguished by its outstanding water resistance and microbial barrier efficacy. By synergizing it with polyurea, we developed coatings that unite mechanical strength with biological compatibility. The study notably quantifies self-healing efficiency, highlighting the coatings' exceptional capacity to mend physical damages and thwart microbial incursions. Findings confirm that tung oil markedly enhances the self-repair capabilities of polyurea, leading to improved wear resistance and the inhibition of microbial growth, particularly against Streptococcus mutans, a principal dental caries pathogen. These advancements not only signify a leap forward in dental material science but also suggest a potential redefinition of dental restorative practices aimed at prolonging the lifespan of restorations and optimizing patient outcomes. Although this study lays a substantial foundation for the utilization of natural oils in the development of medical-grade materials, it also identifies the critical need for comprehensive cytotoxicity assays. Such evaluations are essential to thoroughly assess the biocompatibility and the safety profile of these innovative materials for clinical application. Future research will concentrate on this aspect, ensuring that the safety and efficacy of the materials align with clinical expectations for dental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiao Zhong
- School of Medicine and Life Science, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China;
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Danqi Wang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China;
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xingxin Zhou
- Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China;
| | - Peiyu Yuan
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia;
| | - Bowen Luo
- School of FESTU Transport, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China;
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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2
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Wang F, Zhang Y, Hu S, Zhong X, Bai J, Zhang Y, Bao J. Preparation and Characterization of Conductive/Self-Healing Resin Nanocomposites Based on Tetrafunctional Furan-Functionalized Aniline Trimer Modified Graphene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:90. [PMID: 38201755 PMCID: PMC10780900 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The nanocomposites with reversible cross-linking covalent bonds were prepared by reacting furfurylamine (FA)-modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and furfuryl-functionalized aniline trimer-modified graphene (TFAT-G) with bismaleimide (BMI) via the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. The successful synthesis of the TFAT modifier is confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hydrogen spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy tests. The structure and properties of TFAT-G epoxy nanocomposites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), tensile, and resistivity. The results show that TFAT-G was uniformly dispersed in the resin, and 1 wt% TFAT-G composites increased to 233% for tensile strength, 63% for elongation at break, 66% for modulus, and 7.8 °C for Tg. In addition, the addition of unmodified graphene degrades the mechanical properties of the composite. Overall, the graphene/self-healing resin nanocomposites have both good self-healing function and electrical conductivity by adding 1 wt% modified graphene; this allows for the maintenance of the original 83% strength and 89% electrical conductivity after one cycle of heating repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- AVIC Composite Corporation Ltd., Beijing 101300, China; (F.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- AVIC Composite Corporation Ltd., Beijing 101300, China; (F.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Su Hu
- AVIC Composite Corporation Ltd., Beijing 101300, China; (F.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Composite, Composite Technology Center, AVIC Composite Corporation Ltd., Beijing 101300, China
| | - Jiangbo Bai
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- AVIC Composite Corporation Ltd., Beijing 101300, China; (F.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Jianwen Bao
- AVIC Composite Corporation Ltd., Beijing 101300, China; (F.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Composite, Composite Technology Center, AVIC Composite Corporation Ltd., Beijing 101300, China
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Lorero I, Rodríguez Á, Campo M, Prolongo SG. Development of an Electroactive and Thermo-Reversible Diels-Alder Epoxy Nanocomposite Doped with Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4715. [PMID: 38139966 PMCID: PMC10747943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of Diels-Alder (D-A) crosslinked epoxy nanocomposites is an emerging field with several challenges to overcome: the synthesis is complex due to side reactions, the mechanical properties are hindered by the brittleness of these bonds, and the content of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to achieve electroactivity is much higher than the percolation thresholds of other conventional resins. In this work, we develop nanocomposites with different D-A crosslinking ratios (0, 0.6, and 1.0) and CNT contents (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 wt.%), achieving a simplified route and avoiding the use of solvents and side reactions by selecting a two-step curing method (100 °C-6 h + 60 °C-12 h) that generates the thermo-reversible resins. These reversible nanocomposites show ohmic behavior and effective Joule heating, reaching the dissociation temperatures of the D-A bonds. The fully reversible nanocomposites (ratio 1.0) present more homogeneous CNT dispersion compared to the partially reversible nanocomposites (ratio 0.6), showing higher electrical conductivity, as well as higher brittleness. For this study, the nanocomposite with a partially reversible matrix (ratio 0.6) doped with 0.7 CNT wt.% was selected to allow us to study its new smart functionalities and performance due to its reversible network by analyzing self-healing and thermoforming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Lorero
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Mónica Campo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Self-healing high-performance thermosets utilizing furan/maleimide Diels–Alder, epoxy/amine nucleophilic ring-opening, and maleimide/amine Michael reactions. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Self-healing epoxy networks based on cyclodextrin–adamantane host–guest interactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Puyadena M, Calafel I, González de San Román E, Martin L, González A, Irusta L. Recyclable Epoxy Resin via Simultaneous Dual Permanent/Reversible Crosslinking Based on Diels–Alder Chemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalen Puyadena
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | - Itxaso Calafel
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | | | - Loli Martin
- Macrobehaviour‐Mesostructure‐Nanotechnology SGIker Service, Faculty of Engineering University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Plaza Europa 1 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| | - Alba González
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | - Lourdes Irusta
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
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7
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Fabrication and curing properties of o-cresol formaldehyde epoxy resin with reversible cross-links by dynamic boronic ester bonds. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Design of Nanosilver-Epoxy Films for Hygienic Pharmaceutical Packaging. BIONANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-020-00756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Idumah CI, Odera SR. Recent advancement in self-healing graphene polymer nanocomposites, shape memory, and coating materials. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1725816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Igwe Idumah
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, EnPro, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - S. R. Odera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
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10
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Ren J, Li M, Yuan R, Pang A, Lu Z, Ge L. Adherent self-healing chitosan/dialdehyde starch coating. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Self-healing high-performance thermosets utilizing the furan/maleimide Diels-Alder and amine/maleimide Michael reactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Fortunato G, Anghileri L, Griffini G, Turri S. Simultaneous Recovery of Matrix and Fiber in Carbon Reinforced Composites through a Diels-Alder Solvolysis Process. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1007. [PMID: 31174331 PMCID: PMC6631297 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and comprehensive recycling of fiber-reinforced thermosets is particularly challenging, since the irreversible degradation of the matrix component is necessary in order to separate the fiber component in high purity. In this work, a new approach to fully recyclable thermoset composites is presented, based on the thermal reversibility of an epoxy-based polymer network, crosslinked through Diels-Alder (DA) chemistry. Carbon fiber composites, fabricated by compression molding, were efficiently recycled through a simple solvolysis procedure in common solvents, under mild conditions, with no catalysts. Specifically, the purity of reclaimed fibers, assessed by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy, was very high (>95%) and allowed successful reprocessing into second generation composites. Moreover, the dissolved matrix residues were directly employed to prepare smart, thermally healable coatings. Overall, DA chemistry has been shown to provide a convenient strategy towards circular economy of thermoset composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Fortunato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luca Anghileri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Sugane K, Takagi R, Shibata M. Thermally healable/heat-resistant properties of thermosets bearing dynamic and thermally stable bonds formed by the Diels-Alder and thiol-maleimide “click” reactions. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Lee SH, Shin SR, Lee DS. Sorbitol as a Chain Extender of Polyurethane Prepolymers to Prepare Self-Healable and Robust Polyhydroxyurethane Elastomers. Molecules 2018; 23:E2515. [PMID: 30274385 PMCID: PMC6222304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-healable polyhydroxyurethane (S-PU) was synthesized from sorbitol, a biomass of polyhydric alcohol, by a simple process that is suitable for practical applications. In the synthesis, only two primary hydroxyl groups of sorbitol were considered for the chain extension of the polyurethane (PU) prepolymers to introduce free hydroxyl groups in PU. As a control, conventional PU was synthesized by hexane diol mediated chain extension. Relative to the control, S-PU showed excellent intrinsic self-healing property via exchange reaction, which was facilitated by the nucleophilic addition of the secondary hydroxyl groups without any catalytic assistance and improved tensile strength due to the enhanced hydrogen bonding. We also investigated the effect of the exchange reaction on the topological, mechanical, and rheological properties of S-PU. The suggested synthetic framework for S-PU is a promising alternative to the conventional poly hydroxyurethane, in which cyclic carbonates are frequently reacted with amines. As such, it is a facile and environmentally friendly material for use in coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjini-gu, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Se-Ra Shin
- Department of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjini-gu, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Dai-Soo Lee
- Department of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjini-gu, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
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Czifrák K, Lakatos C, Karger-Kocsis J, Daróczi L, Zsuga M, Kéki S. One-Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Shape-Memory Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Based Polyurethane-Epoxy Co-networks with Diels⁻Alder Couplings. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E504. [PMID: 30966538 PMCID: PMC6415404 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed at the preparation and investigation of different epoxy-polyurethane (EP-PU) co-networks. The EP-PU co-networks were obtained by applying two different synthetic strategies, in which the coupling element, the Diels⁻Alder (DA) adduct, was prepared previously or formed "in situ" in the reaction between furan functionalized polyurethane and furfuryl amine-diglycidyl ether bisphenol-A oligomers (FA_DGEBA). For the synthesis of these EP-PU networks, poly(ε-caprolactone)-diol (PCD, Mn = 2 kg/mol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with different molecular weights (Mn = 10, 25 and 50 kg/mol) and 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI) were used. The EP-PU co-networks were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (AT-FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to assess the morphology of the EP-PU samples. It was demonstrated that the stress⁻strain curves for the EP-PUs could be interpreted based on the Standard Linear Solid (SLS) model. The DMA traces of some EP-PUs (depending on the composition and the synthetic method) revealed a plateau-like region above the melting temperature (Tm) of PCL confirming the presence of cross-linked structure. This feature predicted shape memory (SM) behavior for these EP-PU samples. Indeed, very good shape fixity and moderate shape recovery were obtained. The shape recovery processes of these EP-PU samples were described using double exponential decay functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Czifrák
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Lakatos
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - József Karger-Kocsis
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA⁻BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Daróczi
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Zou Y, Fang L, Chen T, Sun M, Lu C, Xu Z. Near-Infrared Light and Solar Light Activated Self-Healing Epoxy Coating having Enhanced Properties Using MXene Flakes as Multifunctional Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E474. [PMID: 30966508 PMCID: PMC6415427 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two issues are required to be solved to bring intrinsically self-healing polymer coatings into real applications: remote activation and satisfied practical properties. Here, we used MXene, a newly reported two-dimensional material, to provide an epoxy coating with light-induced self-healing capabilities and we worked to enhance the properties of that coating. The self-healing coatings had a reversible crosslinking network based on the Diels-Alder reaction among maleimide groups from bis(4-maleimidopheny)methane and dangling furan groups in oligomers that were prepared through the condensation polymerization of diglycidylether of bisphenol A and furfurylamine. The results showed that the delaminated MXene flakes were small in size, around 900 nm, and dispersed well in self-healing coatings. The MXene flakes of only 2.80 wt % improved greatly the pencil hardness of the coating hardness from HB to 5H and the polarization resistance from 4.3 to 428.3 MΩ cm-2. The self-healing behavior, however, was retarded by MXene flakes. Leveling agent acted a key part here to facilitate the gap closure driven by reverse plasticity to compensate for the limitation of macromolecular mobility resulting from the MXene flakes. The self-healing of coatings was achieved in 30 s by thermal treatment at 150 °C. The efficient self-healing was also demonstrated based on the recovery of the anti-corrosion capability. MXene flakes also played an evident photothermal role in generating heat via irradiation of near-infrared light at 808 nm and focused sunlight. The healing can be quickly obtained in 10 s under irradiation of near-infrared light at 808 nm having a power density of 6.28 W cm-2 or in 10 min under irradiation of focused sunlight having a power density of 4.0 W cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Liang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Tianqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Menglong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chunhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhongzi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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