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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Teenakul K, Ahmad Alem SA, Gond R, Thakur A, Anasori B, Khataee A. Treatment of carbon electrodes with Ti 3C 2T x MXene coating and thermal method for vanadium redox flow batteries: a comparative study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12807-12816. [PMID: 38645525 PMCID: PMC11027479 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the significant challenges of vanadium redox flow batteries is connected to the negative electrode where the main reaction of V(ii)/V(iii) and the side reaction of hydrogen evolution compete. To address this issue, we used titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene coating via drop-casting to introduce oxygen functional groups and metals on the carbon electrode surface. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the even distribution of Ti3C2Tx MXene on the electrodes and the presence of titanium and termination groups (-O, -Cl, and -F). The cyclic voltammetry analysis of MXene-coated electrodes showed more sharp electrochemical peaks for the V(ii)/V(iii) reaction than thermal-treated electrodes, even at relatively high scan rates. Notably, a relatively high reaction rate of 5.61 × 10-4 cm s-1 was achieved for the V(ii)/V(iii) reaction on MXene-coated electrodes, which shows the competitiveness of the method compared to thermal treatment (4.17 × 10-4 cm s-1). The flow battery tests, at a current density of 130 mA cm-2, using MXene-coated electrodes showed pretty stable discharge capacity for over 100 cycles. In addition, the voltage and energy efficiency were significantly higher than those of the system using untreated electrodes. Overall, this work highlights the potential application of MXene coating in carbon electrode treatment for vanadium redox flow batteries due to remarkable electrocatalytic activity and battery performance, providing a competitive method for thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin Teenakul
- Division of Applied Electrochemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
| | - Sayed Ali Ahmad Alem
- Division of Applied Electrochemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
- Montanuniversität Leoben, Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ritambhara Gond
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Box 538 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anupma Thakur
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Babak Anasori
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Amirreza Khataee
- Division of Applied Electrochemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
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Khataee A, Nederstedt H, Jannasch P, Lindström RW. Poly(arylene alkylene)s functionalized with perfluorosulfonic acid groups as proton exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Maurya S, Diaz Abad S, Park EJ, Ramaiyan K, Kim YS, Davis BL, Mukundan R. Phosphoric acid pre-treatment to tailor polybenzimidazole membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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