Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction, Antioxidant and Renal Protective Effects of Polysaccharides from Spores of Cordyceps cicadae

Utilization of electron beam irradiation pretreatment for the extraction of pectic polysaccharides from Diaphragma juglandis fructus: Structural, physicochemical, and functional properties

The effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) pretreatment on the alkaline extraction of pectic polysaccharides from Diaphragma juglandis fructus (DJF) are highly dependent on the irradiation dosage. Comprehensive characterizations encompassing physicochemical, structural, and functional properties were conducted on crude pectic polysaccharide extract from DJF subjected to various EBI doses. EBI pretreatment significantly increased the yields of crude pectic polysaccharides extract (increasing by 41.89 %), also facilitating the extraction of uronic acid, RG-I structure, and protein content, despite causing a decrease in total sugar content. EBI pretreatment induced the degradation of pectin, resulting in decreased molecular weight, particle size, crystallinity, viscosity, thermal stability, and water holding capacity, while enhancing solubility and oil holding capacity. Variations in physicochemical and structural properties induced by different EBI doses influenced the functional activities of DJF pectic polysaccharides. Low-dose EBI (at 5 kGy) pretreatment markedly improved the emulsifying activity/stability (increasing by 20.82/74.10 %) and ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging activity (increasing by 27.91/12.40 %), whereas high-dose EBI pretreatment (50 kGy) greatly enhanced foaming capacity/stability (increasing by 259.99/175.56 %). These findings provide a novel regulatory strategy for the functional activity of pectic polysaccharides.

The benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides for health and their influence on gut microbiota: a review

The gut microbiome is a complex biological community that deeply affects various aspects of human health, including dietary intake, disease progression, drug metabolism, and immune system regulation. Edible mushroom polysaccharides (EMPs) are bioactive fibers derived from mushrooms that possess a range of beneficial properties, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory effects. Studies have demonstrated that EMPs are resistant to human digestive enzymes and serve as a crucial source of energy for the gut microbiome, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. EMPs also positively impact human health by modulating the composition of the gut microbiome. This review discusses the extraction and purification processes of EMPs, their potential to improve health conditions by regulating the composition of the gut microbiome, and their application prospects. Furthermore, this paper provides valuable guidance and recommendations for future studies on EMPs consumption in disease management.

Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and gut microbiota relationship of polysaccharides: A review

Intestinal dysbiosis is one of the major causes of the occurrence of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Polysaccharide-based microbial therapeutic strategies have excellent potential in the treatment of metabolic syndromes, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Identification of the internal regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiome and the interaction mechanisms involving bacteria and the host are essential to achieve precise control of the gut microbiome and obtain valuable clinical data. Polysaccharides cannot be directly digested; the behavior in the intestinal tract is considered a "bridge" between microbiota and host communication. To provide a relatively comprehensive reference for researchers in the field, we will discuss the polysaccharide extraction and purification processes and chemical and structural characteristics, focusing on the polysaccharides in gut microbiota through the immune system, gut-liver axis, gut-brain axis, energy axis interactions, and potential applications.