1
|
Jiang H, Chen T, Kang F, Wang F, Guo L, Cao Y. Morphological Features of Fractures Developed by Direct Shearing of Intact Granites after Water Cooling Cycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13639-13648. [PMID: 37091390 PMCID: PMC10116637 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rock fractures are considered as favorable objects for enhanced geothermal development. The fracture morphologies play an important role in enhanced geothermal development. Therefore, the study of fracture morphologies has a certain guiding significance for the geothermal reservoir. Water cooling and water cooling cycles can change the morphology of fracture surfaces formed by the shear failure of intact granites. To date, however, there is little work on the effect of water cooling and water cooling cycles on the morphology of fracture surfaces formed by direct shearing of intact granites. In this study, the direct shear tests of intact granites treated by water cooling cycles at different temperatures were conducted, and the variations in the laws of shear strength of intact granites and morphologies of fracture surfaces with temperature or cycle times were analyzed. Test results showed that the shear strength and shear stiffness of intact granites decreased nonlinearly with the increase of temperature or cycle times, but the height and apparent dip angle of asperities on the fracture surface increased with the increase of temperature or cycle times, and the overall uniformity of the fracture surface was improved. The height distribution frequency of asperities on fracture surfaces can be divided into four types: right-biased peak type, left-biased peak type, left-biased middle peak, and left-biased flat peak. The asperities on the fracture surface formed by the shearing of intact granites have asymmetric characteristics. The maximum apparent dip angle and average apparent dip angle in the reverse shear direction are larger than those in the shear direction, and the initial contact area ratio between the shear direction and reverse shear direction is in the range of fluctuation between 1.4 and 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Jiang
- No.1
Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource Exploration of Shandong
Province, Jinan 250010, China
- Key
Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Shandong
Engineering Laboratory for High-Grade Iron Ore Exploration and Exploitation, Jinan 250010, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Great
Wall Motor Co., Ltd, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Fengxin Kang
- College
of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- 801
Institute
of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (SPBGM), Jinan 250014, China
- School
of Water Conservancy and Environment, University
of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Fugang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liangliang Guo
- College
of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanling Cao
- No.1
Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource Exploration of Shandong
Province, Jinan 250010, China
- Shandong
Engineering Laboratory for High-Grade Iron Ore Exploration and Exploitation, Jinan 250010, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
May Z, Alam MK, Mahmud MS, Rahman NAA. Unsupervised bivariate data clustering for damage assessment of carbon fiber composite laminates. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242022. [PMID: 33186372 PMCID: PMC7665584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage assessment is a key element in structural health monitoring of various industrial applications to understand well and predict the response of the material. The big uncertainty in carbon fiber composite materials response is because of variability in the initiation and propagation of damage. Developing advanced tools to design with composite materials, methods for characterizing several damage modes during operation are required. While there is a significant amount of work on the analysis of acoustic emission (AE) from different composite materials and many loading cases, this research focuses on applying an unsupervised clustering method for separating AE data into several groups with distinct evolution. In this paper, we develop an adaptive sampling and unsupervised bivariate data clustering techniques to characterize the several damage initiations of a composite structure in different lay-ups. An adaptive sampling technique pre-processes the AE features and eliminates redundant AE data samples. The reduction of unnecessary AE data depends on the requirements of the proposed bivariate data clustering technique. The bivariate data clustering technique groups the AE data (dependent variable) with respect to the mechanical data (independent variable) to assess the damage of the composite structure. Tensile experiments on carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates (CFRP) in different orientations are carried out to collect mechanical and AE data and demonstrate the damage modes. Based on the mechanical stress-strain data, the results show the dominant damage regions in different lay-ups of specimens and the definition of the different states of damage. In addition, the states of the damage are observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. Based on the AE data, the results show that the strong linear correlation between AE and mechanical energy, and the classification of various modes of damage in all lay-ups of specimens forming clusters of AE energy with respect to the mechanical energy. Furthermore, the validation of the cluster-based characterization and improvement of the sensitivity of the damage modes classification are observed by the combined knowledge of AE and mechanical energy and time-frequency spectrum analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zazilah May
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - M. K. Alam
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Muhammad Shazwan Mahmud
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Noor A’in A. Rahman
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The fluid flows through both the fractures and pores in deep-seated rock masses, which is of special importance for the performance of underground facilities such as groundwater use and nuclear waste disposal [...]
Collapse
|
4
|
Experimental Study on Mixed Mode Fracture Behavior of Sandstone under Water–Rock Interactions. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water–rock interactions can significantly deteriorate the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, and it has been identified as one of the significant factors influencing the stability and safety of structures in rock–soil engineering. In this study, the fracture mechanical properties of sandstone under periodic water–rock interactions and long-term immersion have been studied with central cracked Brazilian disk specimens. The degradation mechanism of water–rock interactions was also studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the generalized maximum tangential stress and generalized maximum tangential strain criteria were adopted to evaluate the experimental results. The results show that periodic water–rock interactions can remarkably affect the fracture resistance of sandstone. With the increase in the number of cycles, the pure mode I, pure mode II, and mixed mode fracture toughness decreases greatly, however, the values of KIf/KIC and KIIf/KIC decrease slightly. Furthermore, the fracture resistance of sandstone influenced by cyclic wetting–drying is more significant than long-term immersion. Moreover, the fracture criteria, which considers the effect of T-stress, can reproduce the test results very well.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The fluid flow in fractured porous media plays a significant role in the characteristic/assessment of deep underground reservoirs such as CO2 sequestration [1–3], enhanced oil recovery [4,5] and geothermal energy development [...]
Collapse
|