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Bleus D, Blockx H, Gesquiere E, Adriaensens P, Samyn P, Marchal W, Vandamme D. High-Temperature Hydrothermal Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Brewer's Spent Grain and Malt Dust Biomass Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2024; 29:1983. [PMID: 38731474 PMCID: PMC11085089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aligned with the EU Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (EU SDG2030), extensive research is dedicated to enhancing the sustainable use of biomass waste for the extraction of pharmaceutical and nutritional compounds, such as (poly-)phenolic compounds (PC). This study proposes an innovative one-step hydrothermal extraction (HTE) at a high temperature (120 °C), utilizing environmentally friendly acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to replace conventional harmful pre-treatment chemicals and organic solvents. Brewer's spent grain (BSG) and novel malt dust (MD) biomass sources, both obtained from beer production, were characterized and studied for their potential as PC sources. HTE, paired with mild acidic malic acid/choline chloride (MA) NADES, was compared against conventional (heated and stirred maceration) and modern (microwave-assisted extraction; MAE) state-of-the-art extraction methods. The quantification of key PC in BSG and MD using liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the combination of elevated temperatures and acidic NADES could provide significant improvements in PC extraction yields ranging from 251% (MD-MAC-MA: 29.3 µg/g; MD-HTE-MA: 103 µg/g) to 381% (BSG-MAC-MA: 78 µg/g; BSG-HTE-MA: 375 µg/g). The superior extraction capacity of MA NADES over non-acidic NADES (glycerol/choline chloride) and a traditional organic solvent mixture (acetone/H2O) could be attributed to in situ acid-catalysed pre-treatment facilitating the release of bound PC from lignin-hemicellulose structures. Qualitative 13C-NMR and pyro-GC-MS analysis was used to verify lignin-hemicellulose breakdown during extraction and the impact of high-temperature MA NADES extraction on the lignin-hemicellulose structure. This in situ acid NADES-catalysed high-temperature pre-treatment during PC extraction offers a potential green pre-treatment for use in cascade valorisation strategies (e.g., lignin valorisation), enabling more intensive usage of available biomass waste stream resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Bleus
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Heike Blockx
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Emma Gesquiere
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Department of Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, Sirris, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Marchal
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dries Vandamme
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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He R, Yang Y, Li Y, Yang M, Kong L, Yang F. Recent Progress in Distiller's Grains: Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:7492. [PMID: 38005214 PMCID: PMC10673086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Distiller's grains (DGs) are solid mixtures that remain after the production of alcoholic beverages. A large amount of DGs is produced each year during the brewing process. Currently, they are mostly used as a feedstock or substrate in the feed industry. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of DGs is a major constraint on their further development and application for high-value-added usages. Some studies were published on the bioactive constituents of DGs in several different types of journals. Data were therefore collated to provide a comprehensive overview of these natural products. DGs are rich in phenols, phytosterols, and fatty acids, in addition to general lipid and protein constituents. These compounds and their related extracts possess diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycaemic effects. We hope that this review will provide research incentives for the further development and utilisation of DGs to develop high-value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (R.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Yubo Yang
- Kweichow Moutai Co., Ltd., Zunyi 564501, China
| | - Yongsu Li
- Kweichow Moutai Co., Ltd., Zunyi 564501, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (R.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (R.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Kweichow Moutai Co., Ltd., Zunyi 564501, China
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Vilas-Franquesa A, Casertano M, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Torres-León C. Recent advances in bio-based extraction processes for the recovery of bound phenolics from agro-industrial by-products and their biological activity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37366277 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2227261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Usually found bound to other complex molecules (e.g., lignin, hemicellulose), phenolic compounds (PC) are widely present in agro-industrial by-products, and their extraction is challenging. In recent times, research is starting to highlight the bioactive roles played by bound phenolics (BPC) in human health. This review aims at providing a critical update on recent advances in green techniques for the recovery of BPC, focusing on enzymatic-assisted (EAE) and fermentation-assisted extraction (FAE) as well as in the combination of technologies, showing variable yield and features. The present review also summarizes the most recent biological activities attributed to BPC extracts until now. The higher antioxidant activity of BPC-compared to FPC-coupled with their affordable by-product source make them medicinally potent and economically viable, promoting their integral upcycling and generating new revenue streams, business, and employment opportunities. In addition, EAE and FAE can have a biotransformative effect on the PC itself or its moiety, leading to improved extraction outcomes. Moreover, recent research on BPC extracts has reported promising anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activity. Yet further research is needed to elucidate their biological mechanisms and exploit the true potential of their applications in terms of new food products or ingredient development for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vilas-Franquesa
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Melania Casertano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Torres-León
- Reaserch Center and Ethnobiological Garden (CIJE), Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreón, Viesca, Coahuila, Mexico
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Rodriguez LM, Camina JL, Borroni V, Pérez EE. Protein recovery from brewery solid wastes. Food Chem 2023; 407:134810. [PMID: 36565578 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brewing produces significant amounts of solid waste during the process: spent cereals (BSG), hops and spent yeast (BSY). These residues are sustainable sources of valuable nutrients and functional compounds like proteins, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. This review describes the three solid wastes and the different extraction techniques for protein recovery. The protein obtained can be used as a new source of non-animal protein or as a functional and bioactive ingredient. Particular attention was given to methods using conventional technologies (alkaline and ethanolic extraction) and more innovative approaches (enzymes, microwaves, ultrasound, pressurized liquids and sub-critical water extraction). Although the BSG is used in some industrial applications, studies in operating conditions, cost, energy efficiency, and product performance are still required to consolidate these solid wastes as a source of non-animal protein. The application of proteins is also an important question when choosing the extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253. Primer Piso - Ala C, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química - PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Julia L Camina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química - PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Virginia Borroni
- Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología - ITPN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo (FADU), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ethel E Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253. Primer Piso - Ala C, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química - PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Majhi R, Maharjan R, Shrestha M, Mali A, Basnet A, Baral M, Duwal R, Manandhar R, Rajbhandari P. Effect of altitude and solvent on Psidium guajava Linn. leaves extracts: phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity against food spoilage microbes. BMC Chem 2023; 17:36. [PMID: 37055840 PMCID: PMC10100324 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) has been traditionally used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases due to its rich content of secondary metabolites. AIM This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude and solvent systems on guava leaves crude extract's phenolics and flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and toxicity nature. METHODS Guava leaves were collected from three different geographical locations in Nepal while solvents with an increasing polarity index were used for extraction. The yield percentage of extracts was calculated. Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and antioxidant activity were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, Aluminium chloride colorimetric method, and DPPH (2,2'-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay respectively. The quantification of fisetin and quercetin was performed using the HPLC with method validation. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against bacteria and fungus isolated from spoiled fruits and vegetables and identified through 16s and 18s rRNA sequencing. Finally, Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) was used for testing the toxicity of the extracts. RESULTS The phenolic and total flavonoid content was found to be higher in ethanol extract (331.84 mg GAE/g dry extract) and methanol extract (95.53 mg QE/g dry extract) from Kuleshwor respectively. Water extract of guava leaves from Kuleshwor (WGK) did not show significantly different antioxidant activity when compared to methanol and ethanol extracts. Fisetin and quercetin were higher in WGK (1.176 mg/100 g) and (10.967 mg/100 g) dry extract weight respectively. Antibacterial activity against food spoilage bacteria was dose-dependent and found to be highest for all the extracts from different solvents and altitudes at higher concentrations (80 mg/ml). Similarly, methanol and ethanol guava extracts from all locations showed antifungal activity against Geotrichum candidum RIBB-SCM43 and Geotrichum candidum RIBB-SCM44. WGK was found to be non-toxic. CONCLUSION Our study concludes that the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of WGK was found to be similar statistically to that of methanol and ethanol extracts of Bishnupur Katti and Mahajidiya. These results suggest the possibility of using water as a sustainable solvent to extract natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds which can further be used as natural preservatives to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Majhi
- Department of Natural Product and Green Chemistry, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rukusha Maharjan
- Department of Natural Product and Green Chemistry, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mitesh Shrestha
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Technology, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Aatish Mali
- Department of Natural Product and Green Chemistry, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Angisha Basnet
- Department of Natural Product and Green Chemistry, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manish Baral
- Department of Plant Physiology and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rabin Duwal
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Technology, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rojlina Manandhar
- Department of Natural Product and Green Chemistry, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prajwal Rajbhandari
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Technology, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology (RIBB), Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Errico M, Coelho JAP, Stateva RP, Christensen KV, Bahij R, Tronci S. Brewer's Spent Grain, Coffee Grounds, Burdock, and Willow-Four Examples of Biowaste and Biomass Valorization through Advanced Green Extraction Technologies. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061295. [PMID: 36981221 PMCID: PMC10048697 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the transformation of biowastes from food industry and agriculture into high-value products through four examples. The objective is to provide insight into the principles of green transition and a circular economy. The first two case studies focus on the waste generated from the production of widely consumed food items, such as beer and coffee, while the other two examine the potential of underutilized plants, such as burdock and willow, as sources of valuable compounds. Phenolic compounds are the main target in the case of brewer's spent grain, with p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid being the most common. Lipids are a possible target in the case of spent coffee grounds with palmitic (C16:0) and linoleic (C18:2) acid being the major fatty acids among those recovered. In the case of burdock, different targets are reported based on which part of the plant is used. Extracts rich in linoleic and oleic acids are expected from the seeds, while the roots extracts are rich in sugars, phenolic acids such as chlorogenic, caffeic, o-coumaric, syringic, cinnamic, gentisitic, etc. acids, and, interestingly, the high-value compound epicatechin gallate. Willow is well known for being rich in salicin, but picein, (+)-catechin, triandrin, glucose, and fructose are also obtained from the extracts. The study thoroughly analyzes different extraction methods, with a particular emphasis on cutting-edge green technologies. The goal is to promote the sustainable utilization of biowaste and support the green transition to a more environmentally conscious economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Errico
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jose A P Coelho
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roumiana P Stateva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Knud V Christensen
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rime Bahij
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stefania Tronci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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Kaewmuangmoon J, Charoonpatrapong K, Janebodin K. Cytotoxicity of Propolis Extracts obtained using Dichloromethane and Hexane Solvent on Human Salivary Gland Tumor Cell Line. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2022; 12:506-512. [PMID: 36532325 PMCID: PMC9753917 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_303_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of propolis extracts from two different solvents on human submandibular salivary gland (HSG) tumor cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Propolis was extracted by dichloromethane (DCM) and hexane (HEX). Crude extracts were prepared from 6.25 to 200 µg/mL in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium without serum. Flavonoid and total phenolic contents of crude extracts were measured using a modified colorimetric method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. The statistics were analyzed by independent sample t-test. RESULTS Propolis extracts obtained using DCM and HEX exhibited comparable % yield (38.58 and 38.25) and physical characteristics and different amounts of flavonoid (0.439 ± 0.02 and 0.250 ± 0.01 mg catechin/g sample) and total phenolic compounds (3.759 ± 0.03 and 1.618 ± 0.03 mg gallic acid equivalents/g sample). The DCM group at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL as well as the HEX group at 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL significantly displayed a decrease in % cell viability and an increase in % cytotoxicity, compared with the untreated control group (P < 0.05). The DCM group showed the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MTT (42.93 ± 2.70) and LDH (34.94 ± 0.22). The HEX group showed the IC50 of MTT (61.30 ± 5.39) and LDH (42.32 ± 1.00). Propolis extracts obtained using both DCM and HEX are effective to inhibit HSG viability. CONCLUSION Regarding to the cell morphological observation, MTT and LDH assays, propolis extracts obtained using DCM and HEX exhibited the cytotoxic effect on HSG tumor cell line. Based on our knowledge, this research demonstrates the first preliminary result suggesting propolis as a natural product of choice for salivary gland cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kajohnkiart Janebodin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Address for correspondence: Dr. Kajohnkiart Janebodin, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Road, Phayathai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. E-mail:
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Extraction, Isolation, and Purification of Value-Added Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the operating conditions for extracting top value-added chemicals, such as levulinic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, vanillic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, xylitol, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, chitosan, 2,3-butanediol, and xylo-oligosaccharides, from common lignocellulosic biomass. Operating principles of novel extraction methods, beyond pretreatments, such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzymatic extraction, are also presented and reviewed. Post extraction, high-value biochemicals need to be isolated, which is achieved through a combination of one or more isolation and purification steps. The operating principles, as well as a review of isolation methods, such as membrane filtration and liquid–liquid extraction and purification using preparative chromatography, are also discussed.
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Fărcaș AC, Socaci SA, Nemeș SA, Salanță LC, Chiș MS, Pop CR, Borșa A, Diaconeasa Z, Vodnar DC. Cereal Waste Valorization through Conventional and Current Extraction Techniques-An Up-to-Date Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162454. [PMID: 36010454 PMCID: PMC9407619 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, in the European Union more than 100 million tons of food are wasted, meanwhile, millions of people are starving. Food waste represents a serious and ever-growing issue which has gained researchers’ attention due to its economic, environmental, social, and ethical implications. The Sustainable Development Goal has as its main objective the reduction of food waste through several approaches such as the re-use of agro-industrial by-products and their exploitation through complete valorization of their bioactive compounds. The extraction of the bioactive compounds through conventional methods has been used for a long time, whilst the increasing demand and evolution for using more sustainable extraction techniques has led to the development of new, ecologically friendly, and high-efficiency technologies. Enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted extractions, microwave-assisted extraction, membrane fractionation, and pressure-based extraction techniques (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, and steam explosion) are the main debated green technologies in the present paper. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the well-known conventional extraction methods and the advanced novel treatments and extraction techniques applied to release the bioactive compounds from cereal waste and by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Corina Fărcaș
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.F.); (M.S.C.); Tel.: +40-264-596384 (A.C.F.); +40-(21)-318-2564 (M.S.C.)
| | - Sonia Ancuța Socaci
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia Amalia Nemeș
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liana Claudia Salanță
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Simona Chiș
- Laboratory for Testing Quality and Food Safety, Calea Florești Street, No. 64, 400516 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.F.); (M.S.C.); Tel.: +40-264-596384 (A.C.F.); +40-(21)-318-2564 (M.S.C.)
| | - Carmen Rodica Pop
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Borșa
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zorița Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Spent Coffee Ground Extracts: Process Modelling and Optimization. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152597. [PMID: 35957027 PMCID: PMC9370399 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are produced annually worldwide. SCGs contain high levels of phenolics and other bioactive compounds that make them a potential source of reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. This study investigates the use of SCG extracts as a green strategy to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). SCG extracts were obtained using aqueous ethanol as the solvent and then contacted with a silver nitrate solution under the selected conditions. A central composite design coupled with response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of solvent composition (C = 30–70% v/v), silver-to-phenolic ratio (R = 3–7 mol/mol), temperature (T = 25–55 °C) and pH (10–12) on the production of AgNPs. Characterization of AgNPs by DLS, TEM and XRD techniques showed that they were highly crystalline with a narrow size distribution. Under optimal reaction conditions, AgNPs with an average size of about 10 nm and a zeta potential of −30.5 to −20.7 mV were obtained. Overall, the results of this study indicate that SCGs are a promising material for the green synthesis of small-sized and stable AgNPs.
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Herrera-Rocha KM, Rocha-Guzmán NE, Gallegos-Infante JA, González-Laredo RF, Larrosa-Pérez M, Moreno-Jiménez MR. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Acetonic Extract from Quince ( Cydonia oblonga Mill.): Nutraceuticals with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082462. [PMID: 35458657 PMCID: PMC9027093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) is a potential source of polyphenolic compounds related with beneficial biological processes. In this study polyphenols from quince fruit were extracted with aqueous acetone at different ratios. A polyphenol profile was identified and quantified by LC-ESI-QqQ. The antioxidant capacity (ORAC and DPPH) and anti-inflammatory effect (inhibition of COX-2 cyclooxygenase) were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated an effect of the aqueous acetone ratio on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds. The higher extraction yields of polyphenolic compounds were attained with 60-75% aqueous acetone. However, extracts obtained with 85% aqueous acetone promoted higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Optimal scaling analysis indicated that hydroxycinnamic acids (quinic and chlorogenic), hydroxybenzoic acids (vanillic and syringic), flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol), dihydrochalcones (neohesperidin) and flavones (acacetin) are related to the antioxidant activity of quince. While phenolic acids, flavonols (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and rutin) and flavanols (epicatechin) generated the anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting 52.3% of the COX-2 enzyme. Therefore, a selective extraction of phenolic mix can reduce oxidative stress or inflammatory processes. This suggests the use of quince as a natural source with significant nutraceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Marlenne Herrera-Rocha
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Durango 34080, Mexico; (K.M.H.-R.); (J.A.G.-I.); (R.F.G.-L.)
| | - Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzmán
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Durango 34080, Mexico; (K.M.H.-R.); (J.A.G.-I.); (R.F.G.-L.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.R.-G.); (M.R.M.-J.); Tel.: +52-618-818-5402 or +52-618-818-6936 (ext. 118) (M.R.M.-J.)
| | - José Alberto Gallegos-Infante
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Durango 34080, Mexico; (K.M.H.-R.); (J.A.G.-I.); (R.F.G.-L.)
| | - Rubén Francisco González-Laredo
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Durango 34080, Mexico; (K.M.H.-R.); (J.A.G.-I.); (R.F.G.-L.)
| | - Mar Larrosa-Pérez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Martha Rocío Moreno-Jiménez
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Durango 34080, Mexico; (K.M.H.-R.); (J.A.G.-I.); (R.F.G.-L.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.R.-G.); (M.R.M.-J.); Tel.: +52-618-818-5402 or +52-618-818-6936 (ext. 118) (M.R.M.-J.)
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Combined effect of microwave and hydrothermal treatment on anti-nutritional factors, antioxidant potential and bioactive compounds of plum (Prunus domestica L.) kernels. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Supasatyankul B, Saisriyoot M, Klinkesorn U, Rattanaporn K, Sae-Tan S. Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds from Mung Bean ( Vigna radiata L.) Seed Coat by Pressurized Liquid Extraction. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072085. [PMID: 35408481 PMCID: PMC9000423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean seed coat (MBC) is a by-product of the mung bean processing industry. It contains a large number of phenolic compounds with therapeutic anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. This research aimed to investigate the optimum conditions for phenolic and flavonoid extraction from MBC by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of temperature (80-160 °C), pressure (1200-1800 psi) and ethanol concentration (5-95%) on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity (ABTS). Scale-up extraction was also performed. The optimum conditions for extraction were 160 °C, 1300 psi and 50% ethanol. Under optimum conditions, the TPC was 55.27 ± 1.14 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g MBC, TFC was 34.04 ± 0.72 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g MBC and ABTS scavenging activity was 195.05 ± 2.29 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g MBC. The TFC and ABTS scavenging activity of the extracts obtained at the pilot scale (10 L) was not significantly different from the laboratory scale, while TPC was significantly increased. The freeze-dried MBC extract contained vitexin and isovitexin 130.53 ± 17.89, 21.21 ± 3.22 mg/g extract, respectively. In conclusion, PLE was able to extract phenolics, flavonoids with ABTS scavenging activity from MBC with the prospect for future scale-up for food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benya Supasatyankul
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (B.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Maythee Saisriyoot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Utai Klinkesorn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (B.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Kittipong Rattanaporn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sudathip Sae-Tan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (B.S.); (U.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2562-5037
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14
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Processing of Distillery Stillage to Recover Phenolic Compounds with Ultrasound-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extractions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052709. [PMID: 35270409 PMCID: PMC8910419 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) conditions (extraction time, acetone concentration, solid-to-solvent ratio) on the efficiency of polyphenol recovery from distillery stillage and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The highest total polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and phenolic acid content were obtained with 10-min UAE and 5-min MAE at a solid-to-acetone ratio of 1:15 (w:v). Recovery yield was the highest with an aqueous solution of 60% acetone, confirming the results of Hansen Solubility Parameter analysis. Although UAE resulted in approximately 1.2 times higher extraction yield, MAE showed a better balance between extraction yield and energy consumption exhibited by its 3-fold higher extraction rate than that of UAE. Content of total polyphenols and phenolic acids strongly correlated with antioxidant activity, indicating that these compounds provide a substantial contribution to the bioactive properties of the extracts. Six phenolic acids were extracted, predominately ferulic and p-coumaric acids, and free forms of these acids constituted 91% of their total content, which opens various possibilities for their application in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
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15
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Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Scenedesmus obliquus Microalgae in the Context of Integral Biorefinery Concept. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020519. [PMID: 35056838 PMCID: PMC8778625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Small-scale photobioreactors (PBRs) in the inoculum stage were designed with internal (red or green) and external white LED light as an initial step of a larger-scale installation aimed at fulfilling the integral biorefinery concept for maximum utilization of microalgal biomass in a multifunctional laboratory. The specific growth rate of Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing biomass for given cultural conditions was analyzed by using MAPLE software. For the determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll “a” and “b”, carotenoids and lipids, UHPLC-HRMS, ISO-20776/1, ISO-10993-5 and CUPRAC tests were carried out. Under red light growing, a higher content of polyphenols was found, while the green light favoured the flavonoid accumulation in the biomass. Chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids were in the same order of magnitude in both samples. The dichloromethane extracts obtained from the biomass of each PBR synergistically potentiated at low concentrations (0.01–0.05 mg/mL) the antibacterial activity of penicillin, fluoroquinolones or oregano essential oil against the selected food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) without showing any in vitro cytotoxicity. Both extracts exhibited good cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity at concentrations above 0.042–0.08 mg/mL. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed that both extracts contained long chain fatty acids and carotenoids thus explaining their antibacterial and antioxidant potential. The applied engineering approach showed a great potential to modify microalgae metabolism for the synthesis of target compounds by S. obliquus with capacity for the development of health-promoting nutraceuticals for poultry farming.
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Sheikh MA, Saini CS, Sharma HK. Synergistic effect of microwave heating and hydrothermal treatment on cyanogenic glycosides and bioactive compounds of plum ( Prunus domestica L.) kernels: An analytical approach. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:65-72. [PMID: 35005633 PMCID: PMC8717145 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of microwave heating (450 W for 6 min), hydrothermal treatment (6, 9, and 12 h at 45 °C) and their combination on compositional characteristics, cyanogenic glycosides, color, and bioactive compounds of plum kernels have been studied. The conditions examined caused a significant reduction of 37.81, 72.17, 84.41, 91.24 and 98.02% in cyanogenic glycosides of differently treated plum kernels. Total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds of plum kernels showed hydrothermal time-dependent duration decline. The larger shifts in FT-IR spectra near 1157 cm-1 provided valuable insights on the reduction of cyanogenic glycosides during combined treatments. The variation of color attributes (L*, a*, b*), during combined treatments indicates a more reddish tonality of plum kernel samples. The combined effect of hydrothermal (12 h at 45 °C) and microwave heating (450 W for 6 min) proved to be an effective tool for neutralizing the toxic effect of cyanogenic glycosides, opening up possibilities for its use in food industries. Hydrothermal and microwave treatments were applied to detoxify plum kernels. The treatments caused highest reduction of 98.02% in cyanogenic glycosides. Combined treatments neutralized the toxic effect of cyanogenic glycosides. FT-IR spectra provided valuable insights on the reduction of cyanogenic glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aaqib Sheikh
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal-148106, Sangrur, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjiv Singh Saini
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal-148106, Sangrur, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala -799046, India
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17
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Lignocellulose-Degrading Enzymes: A Biotechnology Platform for Ferulic Acid Production from Agro-Industrial Side Streams. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123056. [PMID: 34945607 PMCID: PMC8701750 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biorefining by enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of lignocellulosic waste material due to low costs and affordability has received enormous interest amongst scientists as a potential strategy suitable for the production of bioactive ingredients and chemicals. In this study, a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to extracting bound ferulic acid (FA) was demonstrated using single-step EH by a mixture of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. For comparative purposes of the efficiency of EH, an online extraction and analysis technique using supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFE-SFC-MS) was performed. The experimental results demonstrated up to 369.3 mg 100 g-1 FA release from rye bran after 48 h EH with Viscozyme L. The EH of wheat and oat bran with Viscoferm for 48 h resulted in 255.1 and 33.5 mg 100 g-1 of FA, respectively. The release of FA from bran matrix using supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide and ethanol as a co-solvent (SFE-CO2-EtOH) delivered up to 464.3 mg 100 g-1 of FA, though the extractability varied depending on the parameters used. The 10-fold and 30-fold scale-up experiments confirmed the applicability of EH as a bioprocessing method valid for the industrial scale. The highest yield of FA in both scale-up experiments was obtained from rye bran after 48 h of EH with Viscozyme L. In purified extracts, the absence of xylose, arabinose, and glucose as the final degradation products of lignocellulose was proven by high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RID). Up to 94.0% purity of FA was achieved by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using the polymeric reversed-phase Strata X column and 50% EtOH as the eluent.
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18
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Nawrot-Hadzik I, Matkowski A, Pitułaj A, Sterczała B, Olchowy C, Szewczyk A, Choromańska A. In Vitro Gingival Wound Healing Activity of Extracts from Reynoutria japonica Houtt Rhizomes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111764. [PMID: 34834179 PMCID: PMC8622746 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomes of Reynoutria japonica Houtt. are a traditional Chinese medicinal herb (Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma, hu zhang) used for treatment of numerous diseases including wound healing support. The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the value of this herbal drug’s traditional use as a gingival healing treatment as well as to obtain the most active extract. In vitro studies were performed using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) with determination of viability (MTT assay), cell proliferation (the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to visualize histone 3 expression), cell migration (wound healing assay), and evaluation of the expression of collagen type III (immunocytochemical staining) after incubation with extracts from R. japonica rhizomes (25% or 40% ethanol or 60% acetone). In addition to these extracts, commercial dental rinse (containing chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2%) was tested as the gold standard of choice for gum healing in dental practice. The studied extracts were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized using the validated HPLC/DAD/ESI-HR-QTOF-MS method. Total phenols and tannins content were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Low concentration of all extracts after 24 h incubation caused significant increase in HGF viability. This effect was most pronounced at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, which was selected for further experiments. All extracts (at 50 µg/mL) stimulated HGF to proliferate, migrate, and increase collagen III synthesis, but with different strength. The highest stimulated proliferation and migration activity was observed after incubation with 25% EtOH, which according to phytochemical analysis may be related to the highest content of resveratrol and an appropriate composition of procyanidins. The 25% EtOH extract from R. japonica rhizomes appears to be a promising gingival wound healing agent worthy of animal and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Nawrot-Hadzik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Artur Pitułaj
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (B.S.); (C.O.)
| | - Barbara Sterczała
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (B.S.); (C.O.)
| | - Cyprian Olchowy
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (B.S.); (C.O.)
| | - Anna Szewczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.C.)
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Choromańska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.C.)
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de Lima LB, da Silva WAV, Dos Santos ECF, Machado JCB, Procópio TF, de Moura MC, Napoleão TH, Ferreira MRA, Soares LAL. Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enhancement of Antibiotic Action by Punica granatum Leaves Crude Extract and Enriched Fraction against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100538. [PMID: 34609784 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential of crude extract and fractions of Punica granatum leaves. The extract was produced by turbo extraction, after which hexanic, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions were obtained by partitioning. The chemical analyses were performed by thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, and the antioxidant activities were assayed by DPPH. and ABTS.+ . Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were applied to twenty-two bacteria. Most strains susceptible to extract/fractions and resistant to antibiotics were selected, and ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were associated with the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) against multidrug-resistant strains in modulatory and checkboard models. The data from chromatographic analyses showed flavonoids and tannins in the extract, as well as the enrichment of EAF in phenols, mainly flavonoids. The flavonoids were connected to the electron transfer activity demonstrated in the DPPH. and ABTS.+ assays. Gram-positive strains are more susceptible to EAF. The subinhibitory concentrations of P. granatum enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the agents and reduced the EAF individual MIC, and the combination of EAF and antibiotics demonstrated a synergistic effect. These results present a promising approach for developing a therapy in which antioxidant extracts and fractions can be used in combination with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Bezerra de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Wliana Alves Viturino da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife-PE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Ewelyn Cintya Felipe Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife-PE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Janaína Carla Barbosa Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife-PE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Thamara Figueiredo Procópio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Maiara Celine de Moura
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Magda Rhayanny Assunção Ferreira
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Lira Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife-PE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife-PE, Brazil
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Antioxidant and Organic Dye Removal Potential of Cu-Ni Bimetallic Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Gazania rigens Extract. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13192653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper-nickel bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu-Ni BNPs) were fabricated using an eco-friendly green method of synthesis. An extract of synthesized Gazania rigens was used for the synthesis of BNPs followed by characterization employing different techniques including UV/Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Spectrophotometric studies (UV-Vis and FTIR) confirmed the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles. The SEM studies indicated that the particle size ranged from 50 to 100 nm. Analysis of the BNPs by the XRD technique confirmed the presence of both Cu and Ni crystal structure. The synthesized nanoparticles were then tested for their catalytic potential for photoreduction of methylene blue dye in an aqueous medium and DPPH radical scavenging in a methanol medium. The BNPs were found to be efficient in the reduction of methylene blue dye as well as the scavenging of DPPH free radicals such that the MB dye was completely degraded in just 17 min at the maximum absorption of 660 nm. Therefore, it is concluded that Cu-Ni BNPs can be successfully synthesized using Gazania rigens extract with suitable size and potent catalytic and radical scavenging activities.
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21
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Codina-Torrella I, Rodero L, Almajano MP. Brewing By-Products as a Source of Natural Antioxidants for Food Preservation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101512. [PMID: 34679646 PMCID: PMC8532719 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and brewer’s spent hops (BSH) are the major solid by-products of the brewing industry. The present work evaluated their potential as an alternative source of natural antioxidants. The efficacy of different solvents (MilliQ water, 0.75% NaOH, 50% MeOH, 50% MeOH + 0.3% HCl and 50% Acetone) for extracting polyphenols of these by-products was firstly evaluated, with NaOH showing the best results. The extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface methodology, and were determined to be 1.45% NaOH and 80 °C. BSG extracts showed the highest total polyphenol content (24.84–38.83 µmol GAE/g), whereas the BSH showed the lowest value (24.84 ± 1.55 µmol GAE/g). In general, BSG extracts presented significantly higher antioxidant capacity (ABTS, ORAC). Ferulic acid was the main polyphenol in all BSG extracts (156.55–290.88 mg/100 g), whereas in BSH, this compound was not detected. The addition of 10% BSG extract in o/w emulsions (stored 14 days) showed a reduction in the formation of primary oxidation products of 97%. In the emulsions covered with polylactic acid active films (1% BSG), this reduction corresponded to 35%. Hence, this study demonstrates the potential of these by-products as natural antioxidant sources for protecting food systems against oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Codina-Torrella
- Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology Department, EEABB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terradas, 8, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain;
| | - Lourdes Rodero
- Statistics and Operations Research Department, ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María Pilar Almajano
- Chemical Engineering Department, ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-016-686
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22
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Synergetic Co-Production of Beer Colouring Agent and Solid Fuel from Brewers’ Spent Grain in the Circular Economy Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brewers’ Spent Grain is a by-product of the brewing process, with potential applications for energy purposes. This paper presents the results of an investigation aiming at valorization of this residue by torrefaction, making product for two purposes: a solid fuel that could be used for generation of heat for the brewery and a colouring agent that could replace colouring malt for the production of dark beers. Decreased consumption of malt for such purposes would have a positive influence on the sustainability of brewing. Torrefaction was performed at temperatures ranging between 180 °C and 300 °C, with a residence time between 20 and 60 min. For the most severe torrefaction conditions (300 °C, 60 min), the higher heating value of torrefied BSG reached 25 MJ/kg. However, the best beer colouring properties were achieved for mild torrefaction conditions, i.e., 180 °C for 60 min and 210 °C for 40 min, reaching European Brewery Convention colours of 145 and 159, respectively. From the solid fuel properties perspective, the improvements offered by torrefaction in such mild conditions were modest. Overall, the obtained results suggest some trade-off between the optimum colouring properties and optimum solid fuel properties that need to be considered when such dual-purpose torrefaction of BSG for brewery purposes is implemented.
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Ghosh S, Nandi S, Banerjee A, Sarkar S, Chakraborty N, Acharya K. Prospecting medicinal properties of Lion's mane mushroom. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13833. [PMID: 34169530 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Persoon, a popular medicinal edible mushroom, owns a long history of usage in traditional Chinese medicine and also in other oriental countries. Along with this, its several bioactive compounds have been evolved into food supplements. Meanwhile, this present investigation aimed at extracting bioactive components from fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus using two different solvents and evaluating its in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative efficacy. Chemical analysis showed extracts were rich in phenol, flavonoids, and ascorbic acids while lesser amount of carotenoids were also detected in these extracts. Both extracts were able to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (~76%) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radicals (~81%) and also showed chelating activity (~73.05%). The ethanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (total antioxidant capacity 2.17 µg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg of extract) whereas methanolic extract showed moderate capacity (total antioxidant capacity 1.42 µg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg of extract). All extracts displayed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well (minimum inhibition concentration 1,575-2,750 µg/ml) although methanolic extract showed some selectivity towards bacterial strains. Apart from these, ethanolic fraction has found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity (IC50 403.12 µg/ml) towards lung adenocarcinoma cells. These studies thus provide the reference data that could support this mushroom as an easily accessible source of natural bioactive components. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Mushroom extracts have long been traditionally used as miracle medicine to treat an extensive range of ailments. These findings indicate the potential benefits of the Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Persoon extracts for the development of multi-target therapeutics as well as extraction with appropriate solvents also provide leads for the isolation of various principle compounds. The extracts thus could be used to treat oxidative stress-related disorders as they are found to contain antioxidant compounds like phenols and others and also they possessed good antimicrobial and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipta Ghosh
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Botany Department, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudeshna Nandi
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Botany Department, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Anuron Banerjee
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata, India
| | - Swagata Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata, India
| | - Nilanjan Chakraborty
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Botany Department, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Botany Department, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Macias-Garbett R, Serna-Hernández SO, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R. Phenolic Compounds From Brewer's Spent Grains: Toward Green Recovery Methods and Applications in the Cosmetic Industry. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.681684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the main by-product derived from the brewing industry, where it accounts for 85% of the total waste generated. The total annual production worldwide of this waste is 39 million tons. This lignocellulosic material is traditionally used as cattle feed and sold at a low retail price (~USD 45.00 per ton). However, efforts for the revalorization of this by-product are emerging since research has established that it can be used as a low-cost source of bioactive molecules and commodity chemicals that can bring value to integral biorefinery ventures. Among commodities, phenolic compounds have attracted attention as added-value products due to their antioxidant properties with applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. These phytochemicals have been associated with antiaging and anticancer activities that have potential applications on cosmetic products. This mini-review summarizes the most relevant extraction techniques used for the recovery of phenolic compounds from BSG while discussing their advantages and shortcomings and the potential applications from BSG bioactive extracts in the cosmetic industry and their reported beneficial effects. This mini-review also makes a brief comment on the role of phenolic compounds extraction in the economic feasibility of an integral BSG biorefinery.
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Rutkowska M, Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J, Owczarek A, Zakrzewska A, Magiera A, Olszewska MA. Novel insight into biological activity and phytochemical composition of Sorbus aucuparia L. fruits: Fractionated extracts as inhibitors of protein glycation and oxidative/nitrative damage of human plasma components. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110526. [PMID: 34399504 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sorbus aucuparia L. is a source of edible fruits appreciated for their nutritional and medicinal properties. In this work some bioactivity mechanisms were evaluated, which might be connected with the traditional application of rowanberries in cardiovascular complications of diabetes. With the use of a panel of chemical and biological in vitro models the rowanberry extracts were proved to significantly inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products, neutralise multiple oxidants generated in vivo, increase the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of human plasma and protect plasma components (proteins and lipids) against oxidative/nitrative damage at in vivo-relevant levels (1-5 µg/mL). Moreover, the extracts were found safe in cytotoxicity tests on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The comprehensive phytochemical profiling of the extracts (RP/HILIC-UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA, and UV-spectrophotometric methods) led to the identification of 51 phenolics, including caffeic and ferulic acids pseudodepsides (34 compounds, prevailing isomers of chlorogenic acid and cynarin, total content up to 269.4 mg/g), flavonols (mostly quercetin glycosides, up to 5.8 mg/g), flavan-3-ol derivatives (proanthocyanidin oligomers and polymers, up to 17.0 mg/g), and simple phenolic acids. The experiments on model constituents of the extracts and correlation studies were used to evaluate contribution of polyphenols to the observed effects. Taking into account the possible additive and synergistic effects, the co-occurrence of various compounds was indicated as partly responsible for biological activity of the fruits. Considering both the composition and activity parameters, the methanol-water (1:1, v/v) extract and its concentrated phenolic fractions appeared to be the most advantageous for biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rutkowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Zakrzewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Magiera
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika A Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Naibaho J, Korzeniowska M. Brewers' spent grain in food systems: Processing and final products quality as a function of fiber modification treatment. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1532-1551. [PMID: 33895998 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional properties of brewers' spent grain (BSG) have been widely studied, considering its potential as a healthy food ingredient. Because of its fiber composition (amount and ratio), however, adding BSG into the food matrix to bring about changes in physical properties has been believed to impact negatively on the acceptability of the final products' properties, particularly color and texture. Fiber modification can enhance the quality of fiber and can be applied to BSG. Although it appears challenging, modifying fiber composition requires further study, particularly if the acceptability of the final products is to be improved. Furthermore, the level of fiber degradation during the modification treatment needs to be examined to meet the increased demand for BSG in final food products. This concise synthesis provides a new perspective for increasing the use of BSG as a food ingredient that is characterized by high nutrition and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joncer Naibaho
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Birsan RI, Wilde P, Waldron KW, Rai DK. Anticholinesterase Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Brewer's Spent Grain. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050930. [PMID: 33922726 PMCID: PMC8145039 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases, involved in acetylcholine catabolism in the central and peripheral nervous system, have been strongly linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Current therapeutic approaches using synthetic drugs present several side effects. Hence, there is an increasing research interest in naturally-occurring dietary polyphenols, which are also considered efficacious. Food processing by-products such as brewer’s spent grain (BSG) would be a potential bio-source of polyphenols. In this study, polyphenol-rich BSG extracts using 60% acetone and 0.75% NaOH solutions were generated, which were further subjected to liquid–liquid partitioning using various organic solvents. The water-partitioned fractions of the saponified extracts had the highest total polyphenol content (6.2 ± 2.8 mgGAE/g dw) as determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, while the LC-MS/MS showed ethyl acetate fraction with the highest phenolics (2.9 ± 0.3 mg/g BSG dw). The best inhibitions of acetyl- (37.9 ± 2.9%) and butyryl- (53.6 ± 7.7%) cholinesterases were shown by the diethyl ether fraction of the saponified extract. This fraction contained the highest sum of quantified phenolics (99 ± 21.2 µg/mg of extract), and with significant (p < 0.01) inhibitory contribution of decarboxylated-diferulic acid. Amongst the standards, caffeic acid presented the highest inhibition for both cholinesterases, 25.5 ± 0.2% for acetyl- and 52.3 ± 0.8% for butyryl-cholinesterase, respectively, whilst the blends insignificantly inhibited both cholinesterases. The results showed that polyphenol-rich BSG fractions have potentials as natural anti-cholinesterase agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rares I. Birsan
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Peter Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- Anglia Science Writing Ltd., Wramplingham, Norfolk NR18 0RU, UK;
| | - Dilip K. Rai
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-018-059-500
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Assessing functional properties of rapeseed protein concentrate versus isolate for food applications. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Evaluation of Metabolite Profiles of Ginseng Berry Pomace Obtained after Different Pressure Treatments and Their Correlation with the Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020284. [PMID: 33429987 PMCID: PMC7827211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng berry pomace (GBP) is a byproduct of ginseng berry processing and is rich in numerous bioactive components, including ginsenosides and their derivatives. The application of GBP as a beneficial biomaterial is currently limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate their potential as a promising source of bioactive compounds using metabolite profiling. The GBP obtained after different ultra-high-pressure (UHP) treatments was analyzed by GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. In multivariate analyses, we observed a clear demarcation between the control and UHP-treated groups. The results demonstrated that the relative abundance of primary metabolites and a few ginsenosides was higher in the control, whereas UHP treatment contained higher levels of fatty acids and sugars. Furthermore, GBPs were fractionated using different solvents, followed by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS analyses. The heatmap revealed that phenolics (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol) and fewer polar ginsenosides (e.g., F4, Rh2) were abundant in the ethyl acetate fraction, whereas the levels of lignans (e.g., 7-hydroxysecoisolariciresinol, syringaresinol) and fatty acids (e.g., trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid, oxo-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid) were high in chloroform. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics, less polar ginsenosides, and fatty acids were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of GBP. Our study highlights GBP as a functional ingredient for the development of high-quality ginseng berry products.
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Brewer's Spent Grains-Valuable Beer Industry By-Product. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121669. [PMID: 33322175 PMCID: PMC7764043 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brewing sector is a significant part of the global food industry. Breweries produce large quantities of wastes, including wastewater and brewer’s spent grains. Currently, upcycling of food industry by-products is one of the principles of the circular economy. The aim of this review is to present possible ways to utilize common solid by-product from the brewing sector. Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is a good material for sorption and processing into activated carbon. Another way to utilize spent grains is to use them as a fuel in raw form, after hydrothermal carbonization or as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The mentioned by-products may also be utilized in animal and human nutrition. Moreover, BSG is a waste rich in various substances that may be extracted for further utilization. It is likely that, in upcoming years, brewer’s spent grains will not be considered as a by-product, but as a desirable raw material for various branches of industry.
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Radenkovs V, Püssa T, Juhnevica-Radenkova K, Kviesis J, Salar FJ, Moreno DA, Drudze I. Wild apple (Malus spp.) by-products as a source of phenolic compounds and vitamin C for food applications. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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China CR, Maguta MM, Nyandoro SS, Hilonga A, Kanth SV, Njau KN. Alternative tanning technologies and their suitability in curbing environmental pollution from the leather industry: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126804. [PMID: 32339802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chrome tanning remains the most favourite technology in the leather industry worldwide due to its ability to produce leather with attributes desirable for high-quality leather such as excellent hydrothermal stability, better dyeing characteristics and softness. Nevertheless, the technology has been censured globally for its severe environmental detriments and adverse effects on human health and other organisms. Developing alternative eco-friendly tanning technologies capable of producing leather of high quality has remained a challenging scientific inquiry. This review article provides an assessment of various eco-friendly tanning attempts geared towards improving or replacing the chrome technology without compromising the quality of the produced leather. The reviewed publications have ascertained that, these attempts have been centred on recycling of spent liquors; chromium exhaustion enhancement and total replacement of chromium salts. The research gaps and levels of key environmental pollutants from the reviewed technologies are presented, and the qualities of the leather produced from these technologies are highlighted. Of all the examined alternative technologies, total replacement of chromium salts sounds ideal to elude adverse effects associated with chrome tanning. Combination tanning, which implies blending two tanning agents that individually cannot impart desired properties to the leather, is anticipated to be an alternative technology to chrome tanning. Apart from being an eco-friendly technology, combination tanning produces leather with similar features to those produced by chrome tanning. In this regard, blending vegetable tannins with aluminium sulphate provides a promising chrome-free tanning technology. However, further studies to optimize combination tanning technologies to suit industrial applications are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rolence China
- Department of Materials and Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Division of Textile and Leather Technology, Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO), P. O. Box 23235, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Mihayo Musabila Maguta
- Department of Environmental Planning, Institute of Rural Development Planning (IRDP), P.O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania.
| | - Stephen Samwel Nyandoro
- Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Askwar Hilonga
- Department of Materials and Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Swarna V Kanth
- Centre for Human and Organizational Resources Development (CHORD), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
| | - Karoli N Njau
- Department of Materials and Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
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HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13082058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steady consumption of beer results in a steady output of residues, i.e., brewer’s spent grain (BSG). Its valorization, using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) seems sensible. However, a significant knowledge gap regarding the variability of this residue and its influence on the valorization process and its potential use in biorefineries exists. This study attempted to fill this gap by characterization of BSG in conjunction with the main product (beer), taking into accounts details of the brewing process. Moreover, different methods to assess the performance of HTC were investigated. Overall, the differences in terms of the fuel properties of both types of spent grain were much less stark, in comparison to the differences between the respective beers. The use of HTC as a pretreatment of BSG for subsequent use as a biorefinery feedstock can be considered beneficial. HTC was helpful in uniformization and improvement of the fuel properties. A significant decrease in the oxygen content and O/C ratio and improved grindability was achieved. The Weber method proved to be feasible for HTC productivity assessment for commercial installations, giving satisfactory results for most of the cases, contrary to traditional ash tracer method, which resulted in significant overestimations of the mass yield.
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Green Separation and Extraction Processes: Part I. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction comprises a known technology applied to obtain volatile compounds from flowers, i [...]
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A Review on the Feedstocks for the Sustainable Production of Bioactive Compounds in Biorefineries. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11236765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since 2015, the sustainable development goals of the United Nations established a route map to achieve a sustainable society, pushing the industry to aim for sustainable processes. Biorefineries have been studied as the technological scheme to process integrally renewable resources. The so-called “bioactive” compounds (BACs) have been of high interest, given their high added value and potential application in pharmaceutics and health, among others. However, there are still elements to be addressed to consider them as economic drivers of sustainable processes. First, BACs can be produced from many sources and it is important to identify feedstocks for this purpose. Second, a sustainable production process should also consider valorizing the remaining components. Finally, feedstock availability plays an important role in affecting the process scale, logistics, and feasibility. This work consists of a review on the feedstocks for the sustainable production of BACs in biorefineries, covering the type of BAC, composition, and availability. Some example biorefineries are proposed using wheat straw, hemp and grapevine shoots. As a main conclusion, multiple raw materials have the potential to obtain BACs that can become economic drivers of biorefineries. This is an interesting outlook, as the integral use of the feedstocks may not only allow obtaining different types of BACs, but also other fiber products and energy for the process self-supply.
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Abstract
Corn husks are an important byproduct of the corn processing industry. Although they are a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids, corn husks are usually disposed of or used as animal feed. In this paper, we investigate their recovery by an enzyme-assisted extraction process consisting of a pretreatment of the plant material with cellulase followed by solvent extraction with aqueous ethanol. A four-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design combined with the response surface methodology was used to optimize the enzyme dosage (0.3–0.5 g/100 g), incubation time (1.5–2.5 h), liquid-to-solid ratio (30–40 mL g−1) and ethanol concentration in the solvent (60–80% v/v). Under the optimal conditions, about 1.3 g of total flavonoids per 100 g of dry waste were recovered. A statistical analysis of the results was performed to provide a quantitative estimation of the influence of the four factors, alone or in combination, on the extraction yields. Overall, the results from this study indicate that corn husks are a valuable source of flavonoids and that they can be easily recovered by a sustainable and environmentally friendly extraction process.
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Birsan RI, Wilde P, Waldron KW, Rai DK. Recovery of Polyphenols from Brewer's Spent Grains. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090380. [PMID: 31500308 PMCID: PMC6769810 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of antioxidant polyphenols from light, dark and mix brewer’s spent grain (BSG) using conventional maceration, microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction was investigated. Total polyphenols were measured in the crude (60% acetone), liquor extracts (saponified with 0.75% NaOH) and in their acidified ethyl acetate (EtOAc) partitioned fractions both by spectrophotometry involving Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Irrespective of the extraction methods used, saponification of BSG yielded higher polyphenols than in the crude extracts. The EtOAc fractionations yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC) ranging from 3.01 ± 0.19 to 4.71 ± 0.28 mg gallic acid equivalent per g of BSG dry weight. The corresponding total polyphenols quantified by LC-MS/MS ranged from 549.9 ± 41.5 to 2741.1 ± 5.2 µg/g of BSG dry weight. Microwave and ultrasound with the parameters and equipment used did not improve the total polyphenol yield when compared to the conventional maceration method. Furthermore, the spectrophotometric quantification of the liquors overestimated the TPC, while the LC-MS/MS quantification gave a closer representation of the total polyphenols in all the extracts. The total polyphenols were in the following order in the EtOAc fractions: BSG light > BSG Mix > BSG dark, and thus suggested BSG light as a sustainable, low cost source of natural antioxidants that may be tapped for applications in food and phytopharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rares I Birsan
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland.
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Peter Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Keith W Waldron
- Anglia Science Writing Ltd., Wramplingham NR18 0RU, Norfolk, UK.
| | - Dilip K Rai
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland.
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Martín-García B, Pasini F, Verardo V, Díaz-de-Cerio E, Tylewicz U, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Caboni MF. Optimization of Sonotrode Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Brewers' Spent Grains. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E282. [PMID: 31390772 PMCID: PMC6721779 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewing spent grains (BSGs) are the main by-product from breweries and they are rich of proanthocyanidins, among other phenolic compounds. However, literature on these compounds in BSGs is scarce. Thus, this research focuses on the establishment of ultrasound-assisted extraction of proanthocyanidin compounds in brewing spent grains using a sonotrode. To set the sonotrode extraction up, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of three factors, namely, solvent composition, time of extraction, and ultrasound power. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of proanthocyanidin compounds were performed using HPLC coupled to fluorometric and mass spectrometer detectors. The highest content of proanthocyanidins was obtained using 80/20 acetone/water (v/v), 55 min, and 400 W. The established method allows the extraction of 1.01 mg/g dry weight (d.w.) of pronthocyanidins from BSGs; this value is more than two times higher than conventional extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Federica Pasini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, (FC) 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Elixabet Díaz-de-Cerio
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Urszula Tylewicz
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, (FC) 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Ana María Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, (FC) 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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Prolamins from cereal by-products: Classification, extraction, characterization and its applications in micro- and nanofabrication. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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