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Fiosina J, Sievers P, Kanagaraj G, Drache M, Beuermann S. Reverse Engineering of Radical Polymerizations by Multi-Objective Optimization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:945. [PMID: 38611203 PMCID: PMC11013925 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reverse engineering is applied to identify optimum polymerization conditions for the synthesis of polymers with pre-defined properties. The proposed approach uses multi-objective optimization (MOO) and provides multiple candidate polymerization procedures to achieve the targeted polymer property. The objectives for optimization include the maximal similarity of molar mass distributions (MMDs) compared to the target MMDs, a minimal reaction time, and maximal monomer conversion. The method is tested for vinyl acetate radical polymerizations and can be adopted to other monomers. The data for the optimization procedure are generated by an in-house-developed kinetic Monte-Carlo (kMC) simulator for a selected recipe search space. The proposed reverse engineering algorithm comprises several steps: kMC simulations for the selected recipe search space to derive initial data, performing MOO for a targeted MMD, and the identification of the Pareto optimal space. The last step uses a weighted sum optimization function to calculate the weighted score of each candidate polymerization condition. To decrease the execution time, clustering of the search space based on MMDs is applied. The performance of the proposed approach is tested for various target MMDs. The suggested MOO-based reverse engineering provides multiple recipe candidates depending on competing objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Fiosina
- Institute of Informatics, Clausthal University of Technology, Julius-Albert-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Philipp Sievers
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (P.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Gavaskar Kanagaraj
- Institute of Informatics, Clausthal University of Technology, Julius-Albert-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Marco Drache
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (P.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Sabine Beuermann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (P.S.); (M.D.)
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Palmer TR, van der Kooij HM, Abu Bakar R, McAleese CD, Duewel M, Greiner K, Couture P, Sharpe MK, Keddie JL. Diffusiophoresis-Driven Stratification in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Films from Bimodal Waterborne Colloids. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1565-1576. [PMID: 36817335 PMCID: PMC9926484 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The uses of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are wide ranging, with applications including labels, tapes, and graphics. To achieve good adhesion, a PSA must exhibit a balance of viscous and elastic properties. Previous research has found that a thin, elastic surface layer on top of a softer, dissipative layer resulted in greater tack adhesion compared with the single layers. Superior properties were achieved through a bilayer obtained via successive depositions, which consume energy and time. To achieve a multilayered structure via a single deposition process, we have stratified mixtures of waterborne colloidal polymer particles with two different sizes: large poly(acrylate) adhesive particles (ca. 660 nm in diameter) and small poly(butyl acrylate) (pBA) particles (ca. 100 nm). We used two types of pBA within the particles: either viscoelastic pBA without an added cross-linker or elastic pBA with a fully cross-linked network. Stratified surface layers of deuterium-labeled pBA particles with thicknesses of at least 1 μm were found via elastic recoil detection and qualitatively verified via the analysis of surface topography. The extent of stratification increased with the evaporation rate; films that were dried slowest exhibited no stratification. This result is consistent with a model of diffusiophoresis. When the elastic, cross-linked pBA particles were stratified at the surface, the tack adhesion properties made a transition from brittle failure to tacky. For pBA without an added cross-linker, all adhesives showed fibrillation during debonding, but the extent of fibrillation increased when the films were stratified. These results demonstrate that the PSA structure can be controlled through the processing conditions to achieve enhanced properties. This research will aid the future development of layered or graded single-deposition PSAs with designed adhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby R. Palmer
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Hanne M. van der Kooij
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
and Research, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rohani Abu Bakar
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Callum D. McAleese
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Mathis Duewel
- Synthomer
Germany GmbH, Werrastraße 10, 45768Marl, Germany
| | - Katja Greiner
- Synthomer
Germany GmbH, Werrastraße 10, 45768Marl, Germany
| | - Pierre Couture
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Matthew K. Sharpe
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, U.K.
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Gabriel VA, Dubé MA. Toward a Fully Biobased Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vida A. Gabriel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, OntarioK1N 6N5, Canada
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Agboluaje M, Hutchinson RA. Measurement and Modeling of Methyl Acrylate Radical Polymerization in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Agboluaje
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Dupuis Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Dupuis Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
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Kandelhard F, Georgopanos P. Predici as a Polymer Engineers’ Tool for the Synthesis of Polymers via Anionic Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kandelhard
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Prokopios Georgopanos
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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Fleckenstein PJ, Alter C, Lazzari S, Vale HM. A General Approach for Modeling Acrylate and Methacrylate Solution Copolymerizations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Alter
- BASF Coatings Materials Research and Technology, Münster 48165, Germany
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Pirman T, Ocepek M, Likozar B. Radical Polymerization of Acrylates, Methacrylates, and Styrene: Biobased Approaches, Mechanism, Kinetics, Secondary Reactions, and Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Pirman
- Helios TBLUS d.o.o., Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - M. Ocepek
- Helios TBLUS d.o.o., Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - B. Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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New Aspects on the Modeling of Dithiolactone-Mediated Radical Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic model for the dithiolactone-mediated radical polymerization of vinyl monomers based on the persistent radical effect and reversible addition (negligible fragmentation) was used to calculate the polymerization rate and describe molar mass development in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate at 60 °C, using 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator, as well as dihydro-5-phenyl-2(3H)-thiophenethione (DTL1) and dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenethione (DTL2) as controllers. The model was implemented in the PREDICI commercial software. A good agreement between experimental data and model predictions was obtained.
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