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Renukuntla J, Peterson-Sockwell S, Clark BA, Godage NH, Gionfriddo E, Bolla PK, Boddu SHS. Design and Preclinical Evaluation of Nicotine-Stearic Acid Conjugate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Transdermal Delivery: A Technical Note. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041043. [PMID: 37111529 PMCID: PMC10146358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and evaluate nicotine--stearic acid conjugate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (NSA-SLNs) for transdermal delivery in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Nicotine conjugation to stearic acid prior to SLN formulation greatly increased drug loading. SLNs loaded with a nicotine-stearic acid conjugate were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency, and morphology. Pilot in vivo testing was carried out in New Zealand Albino rabbits. The size, PDI, and ZP of nicotine-stearic acid conjugate-loaded SLNs were 113.5 ± 0.91 nm, 0.211 ± 0.01, and -48.1 ± 5.75 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of nicotine-stearic acid conjugate in SLNs was 46.45 ± 1.53%. TEM images revealed that optimized nicotine-stearic acid conjugate-loaded SLNs were uniform and roughly spherical in shape. Nicotine-stearic acid conjugate-loaded SLNs showed enhanced and sustained drug levels for up to 96 h in rabbits when compared with the control nicotine formulation in 2% HPMC gel. To conclude, the reported NSA-SLNs could be further explored as an alternative for treating smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Renukuntla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N Campbell St., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - Samuel Peterson-Sockwell
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - Bradley A Clark
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - Nipunika H Godage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N Campbell St., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
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Recent Advances in Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Preformulation, Formulation Strategies, Technological Advancements and Characterization. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102203. [PMID: 36297638 PMCID: PMC9609913 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are among the most popular and widely studied solubility enhancement techniques. Since their inception in the early 1960s, the formulation development of ASDs has undergone tremendous progress. For instance, the method of preparing ASDs evolved from solvent-based approaches to solvent-free methods such as hot melt extrusion and Kinetisol®. The formulation approaches have advanced from employing a single polymeric carrier to multiple carriers with plasticizers to improve the stability and performance of ASDs. Major excipient manufacturers recognized the potential of ASDs and began introducing specialty excipients ideal for formulating ASDs. In addition to traditional techniques such as differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray crystallography, recent innovations such as nano-tomography, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray microscopy support a better understanding of the microstructure of ASDs. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advancements in the field of ASDs with respect to formulation approaches, methods of preparation, and advanced characterization techniques.
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