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Oyarzún P, Carrasco J, Peterssen D, Tereucan G, Aranda M, Henríquez-Aedo K. A high throughput method for detection of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme inhibitors by effect-directed analysis applying high performance thin layer chromatography-bioassay-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464426. [PMID: 37862751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
A high throughput method was developed to detect bioactive molecules with inhibitory activity over cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme applying effect-directed analysis and planar chromatography hyphenated with bioassay and mass spectrometry. The assay was based on the indirect measurement of arachidonic acid transformation into prostaglandin with the colorimetric co-substrate N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Inhibitory zones were observed as colorless bands over a blue background. Using a central composite design the critical factors like substrate concentration, enzyme: substrate ratio, reaction time, and co-substrate concentration were optimized. Optimal conditions were achieved with 0.03 mg/mL of arachidonic acid, 0.15 U/mL of COX-2, and 8.21 mg/mL of chromogenic reagent. Method usefulness was challenged analyzing fresh Chiloe's giant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L) ethanol: water (8:2 v/v) extract, finding COX-2 inhibitors that were preliminarily identified as the isomers γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-l-cysteine and γ-glutamyl-S-(trans-1-propenyl)-L- cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Oyarzún
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Fármacos y Alimentos, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Carrasco
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Darlene Peterssen
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Tereucan
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Fármacos y Alimentos, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Aranda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Fármacos y Alimentos, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karem Henríquez-Aedo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Genética de los Alimentos, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio, Chillan, Chile.
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Gumułka P, Pecio Ł, Żmudzki P, Ciura K, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Dąbrowska M, Starek M. Comprehensive Assessment of the Stability of Selected Coxibs in Variable Environmental Conditions along with the Assessment of Their Potential Hepatotoxicity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2609. [PMID: 38004587 PMCID: PMC10674268 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the influence of environmental factors on the stability of drugs is very helpful when choosing excipients, storage conditions or packaging materials. In addition, information about possible toxic degradation products enables detecting and avoiding the harmful side effects of the drug. We used the thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric procedure for the assay of five coxibs, conducted degradation studies in various environments and at different temperatures along with the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. The results were subjected to chemometric analysis, to investigate and visualize the similarities and differences of the studied coxibs. Samples of the tested drug were also analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS in order to identify degradation products, and determine possible drug degradation pathways. Using the human liver cancer HepG2 cell line, the hepatotoxic effect of the degradation products was also determined. It was observed that all substances were relatively stable under the analyzed conditions and degraded more in acidic than alkaline environments. Robenacoxib is the drug that decomposes the fastest, and cimicoxib turned out to be the most stable. Robenacoxib also showed significant hepatotoxicity at the highest tested concentration, which correlates with the high degree of its degradation, and the probable formation of a more hepatoxic product. The obtained mass spectra of compounds formed as a result of hydrolysis of the protonated drug leading to the formation of several product ions, which enabled us to propose probable degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gumułka
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Pecio
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.P.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Aleja Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.P.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
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Jarosz M, Latosiński J, Gumułka P, Dąbrowska M, Kępczyński M, Sulka GD, Starek M. Controlled Delivery of Celecoxib-β-Cyclodextrin Complexes from the Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Layers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1861. [PMID: 37514047 PMCID: PMC10383027 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the potential of nanostructured titanium dioxide layers as drug delivery systems, it is advisable to indicate the possibility of creating a functional drug delivery system based on anodic TiO2 for celecoxib as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug and its inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin. First, the optimal composition of celecoxib-β-cyclodextrin complexes was synthesized and determined. The effectiveness of the complexation was quantified using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, nanostructured titanium dioxide layers (TiO2) were synthesized using the electrochemical oxidation technique. The TiO2 layers with pore diameters of 60 nm and layer thickness of 1.60 µm were used as drug delivery systems. The samples were modified with pure celecoxib and the β-cyclodextrin-celecoxib complex. The release profiles shown effective drug release from such layers during 24 h. After the initial burst release, the drug was continuously released from the pores. The presented results confirm that the use of nanostructured TiO2 as a drug delivery system can be effectively used in more complicated systems composed of β-cyclodextrin-celecoxib complexes, making such drugs available for pain treatment, e.g., for orthopedic surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry & Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Latosiński
- Department of Physical Chemistry & Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Gumułka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Łazarza St., 31-530 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kępczyński
- Department of Physical Chemistry & Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dariusz Sulka
- Department of Physical Chemistry & Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Gumułka P, Tarsa M, Dąbrowska M, Starek M. Quantification of Grapiprant and Its Stability Testing under Changing Environmental Conditions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2821. [PMID: 36359341 PMCID: PMC9687689 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Grapiprant is a new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug belonging to the piprant class, approved in 2016 by the FDA Veterinary Medicine Center for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. It acts as a highly selective antagonist of the EP4 receptor, one of the four prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor subtypes. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in rat models of acute and chronic inflammation and clinical studies in people with osteoarthritis. The current state of knowledge suggests the possibility of using it in oncological therapy. The manuscript presents the development of conditions for the identification and quantitative determination of grapiprant by thin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection. The optimal separation of the substance occurs using silica gel 60F254 chromatographic plates and the mobile phase containing ethyl acetate-toluene-butylamine. Validation (according to ICH requirements) showed that the developed method is characterized by straightness of results in a wide concentration range with the limit of detection of 146.65 µg/mL. The %RSD values of the precision and accuracy confirm the sensitivity and reliability of the developed procedure. Next, the method was used for quantification of grapiprant in a pharmaceutical preparation, and for stability studies under various environmental conditions. Additionally, the mass studies were carried out on the stressed samples using the UPLC-MS/MS method. The degradation products were primarily characterized by comparing their mass fragmentation profiles with those of the drug. The results indicated a potential degradation pathway for grapiprant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gumułka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctorial School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Tarsa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
This work presents an overview of the modern approaches embracing advanced equipment and validation parameters of both liquid and gas chromatography techniques, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column liquid chromatography (CLC), and gas chromatography (GC), suitable for the identification and quantitative determination of various bioactive compounds occurring in pharmaceutical products and medicinal plants in the time from 2020 to 2021 (November). This review confirmed that HPLC is an incredibly universal tool, especially when combined with different detectors, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence detection for numerous active ingredients in different pharmaceutical formulations without interferences from other excipients. TLC, in combination with densitometry, is a very efficient tool for the determination of biologically active substances present in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, TLC coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry could be suitable for preliminary screening and determination of the biological activity (e.g., antioxidant properties, thin layer chromatography (TLC) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) of plant materials. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS), is of particular importance in the testing of any volatile substances, such as essential oils. LC, coupled to NMR and MS, is the best solution for identifying and studying the structure of unknown components from plant extracts, as well as degradation products (DPs). Thanks to size-exclusion chromatography, coupled to multi-angle light scattering, the quality control of biological pharmaceuticals is possible.
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