Evaluation of the Lipophilicity of New Anticancer 1,2,3-Triazole-Dipyridothiazine Hybrids Using RP TLC and Different Computational Methods

Study of Lipophilicity and ADME Properties of 1,9-Diazaphenothiazines with Anticancer Action

Lipophilicity is one of the key properties of a potential drug that determines the solubility, the ability to penetrate through cell barriers, and transport to the molecular target. It affects pharmacokinetic processes such as adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME). The 10-substituted 1,9-diazaphenothiazines show promising if not impressive in vitro anticancer potential, which is associated with the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway connected with to induction BAX, forming a channel in MOMP and releasing cytochrome c for the activation of caspases 9 and 3. In this publication, the lipophilicity of previously obtained 1,9-diazaphenothiazines was determined theoretically using various computer programs and experimentally using reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC) and a standard curve. The study presents other physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties affecting the bioavailability of the test compounds. ADME analysis was determined in silico using the SwissADME server. Molecular targets studies were identified in silico using the SwissTargetPrediction server. Lipinski's rule of five, Ghose's, and Veber's rules were checked for the tested compounds, confirming their bioavailability.

Comparative Study of the Lipophilicity of Selected Anti-Androgenic and Blood Uric Acid Lowering Compounds

This study aimed to evaluate the lipophilicity of a series substances lowering the concentration of uric acid in blood and anti-androgen drugs by thin-layer chromatography in reversed-phase systems (RP-TLC, RP-HPTLC) and computational methods. The chromatographic parameter of lipophilicity (R_MW) of tested compounds was determined on three stationary phases, i.e., RP18F₂₅₄, RP18WF₂₅₄ and RP2F₂₅₄, using ethanol-water, propan-2-ol-water and acetonitrile-water in various volume compositions as mobile phases. The chromatographic analysis led to determining the experimental value of the lipophilicity parameter for each of the tested compounds, including those for which the experimental value of the partition coefficient (logP_exp) as a measure of lipophilicity is not well described in available databases, such as febuxostat, oxypurinol, ailanthone, abiraterone and teriflunomide. The chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity were compared with the logP values obtained with various software packages, such as AClogP, AlogPs, AlogP, MlogP, XlogP2, XlogP3, ACD/logP and logP_KOWWIN. The obtained results indicate that, among selected chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity, both experimental and calculated logP values gave similar results, and these RP-TLC or RP-HPTLC systems can be successfully applied to estimate the lipophilicity of studied heterocyclic compounds belonging to two different pharmacological groups. This work also illustrates the similarity and difference existing between the tested compounds under study using the chemometric methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). In addition, a relatively new approach based on the sum of ranking differences (SRD) was used to compare the chromatographically obtained and theoretical lipophilicity descriptors of studied compounds.

In-vitro anticancer profile of recent ruthenium complexes against liver cancer

Ruthenium complexes are considered as the most favorable alternatives to traditional platinum-based cancer drugs owing to their acceptable toxicity level, selectivity, variant oxidation states and ability to treat platinum-resistant cancer cells. They have similar ligand exchange kinetics as platinum drugs but can be tailored according to our desire by ligands influence. In the current study, we illustrate the in-vitro anticancer profile of some ruthenium complexes (2016–2021) against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). The anticancer activity of ruthenium complexes is determined by comparing their IC50 values with one another and positive controls. Fortunately, some ruthenium complexes including 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 20, 42, and 48 exhibit surpassed in-vitro anticancer profile than that of positive controls promising as potential candidates against liver cancer. We also explored the structure-activity relationship (SAR) which is a key factor in the rational designing and synthesis of new ruthenium drugs. It covers the factors affecting anticancer activity including lipophilicity, planarity, area and bulkiness, the steric influence of different ligands, and electronic effects induced by ligands, stability, aqueous solubility and bioavailability to the target sites. The data reported here will provide strong support in the plausible design and synthesis of ruthenium anticancer drugs in the upcoming days.

Lipophilicity and Pharmacokinetic Properties of New Anticancer Dipyridothiazine with 1,2,3-Triazole Substituents

The lipophilicity parameters (logP_calcd, R_M0 and logP_TLC) of 10 new active anticancer dipirydothiazines with a 1,2,3-triazole ring were determined theoretically using computational methods and experimentally by reversed-phase TLC. Experimental lipophilicity was assessed using mobile phases (a mixture of TRIS buffer and acetone) using a linear correlation between the R_M retention parameter and the volume of acetone. The R_M0 parameter was correlated with the specific hydrophobic surface b, revealing two congenerative subgroups: 1,2,3-triazole-1,6-diazaphenothiazines and 1,2,3-triazole-1,8-diazaphenothiazines hybrids. The R_M0 parameter was converted into the logP_TLC lipophilicity parameter using a calibration curve. The investigated compounds appeared to be moderately lipophilic. Lipophilicity has been compared with molecular descriptors and ADME properties. The new derivatives followed Lipinski’s, Ghose’s and Veber’s rules.

Significance of Chromatographic Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis

This work presents an overview of the modern approaches embracing advanced equipment and validation parameters of both liquid and gas chromatography techniques, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column liquid chromatography (CLC), and gas chromatography (GC), suitable for the identification and quantitative determination of various bioactive compounds occurring in pharmaceutical products and medicinal plants in the time from 2020 to 2021 (November). This review confirmed that HPLC is an incredibly universal tool, especially when combined with different detectors, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence detection for numerous active ingredients in different pharmaceutical formulations without interferences from other excipients. TLC, in combination with densitometry, is a very efficient tool for the determination of biologically active substances present in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, TLC coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry could be suitable for preliminary screening and determination of the biological activity (e.g., antioxidant properties, thin layer chromatography (TLC) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) of plant materials. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS), is of particular importance in the testing of any volatile substances, such as essential oils. LC, coupled to NMR and MS, is the best solution for identifying and studying the structure of unknown components from plant extracts, as well as degradation products (DPs). Thanks to size-exclusion chromatography, coupled to multi-angle light scattering, the quality control of biological pharmaceuticals is possible.

A Comparative Study of the Lipophilicity of Metformin and Phenformin

The results presented in this paper confirm the beneficial role of an easy-to-use and low-cost thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique for describing the retention behavior and the experimental lipophilicity parameter of two biguanide derivatives, metformin and phenformin, in both normal-phase (NP) and reversed-phase (RP) TLC systems. The retention parameters (R_F, R_M) obtained under different chromatographic conditions, i.e., various stationary and mobile phases in the NP-TLC and RP-TLC systems, were used to determine the lipophilicity parameter (R_MW) of metformin and phenformin. This study confirms the poor lipophilicity of both metformin and phenformin. It can be stated that the optimization of chromatographic conditions, i.e., the kind of stationary phase and the composition of mobile phase, was needed to obtain the reliable value of the chromatographic lipophilicity parameter (R_MW) in this study. The fewer differences in the R_MW values of both biguanide derivatives were ensured by the RP-TLC system composed of RP2, RP18, and RP18W plates and the mixture composed of methanol, propan-1-ol, and acetonitrile as an organic modifier compared to the NP-TLC analysis. The new calculation procedures for logP of drugs based on topological indices ⁰χ^ν, ⁰χ, ¹χ^ν, M, and M^ν may be a certain alternative to other algorithms as well as the TLC procedure performed under optimized chromatographic conditions. The knowledge of different lipophilicity parameters of the studied biguanides can be useful in the future design of novel and more therapeutically effective metformin and phenformin formulations for antidiabetic and possible anticancer treatment. Moreover, the topological indices presented in this work may be further used in the QSAR study of the examined biguanides.

Expedition of sulfur-containing heterocyclic derivatives as cytotoxic agents in medicinal chemistry: A decade update

This review article proposes a comprehensive report of the design strategies engaged in the development of various sulfur-bearing cytotoxic agents. The outcomes of various studies depict that the sulfur heterocyclic framework is a fundamental structure in diverse synthetic analogs representing a myriad scope of therapeutic activities. A number of five-, six- and seven-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, such as thiazoles, thiadiazoles, thiazolidinediones, thiophenes, thiopyrans, benzothiazoles, benzothiophenes, thienopyrimidines, simple and modified phenothiazines, and thiazepines have been discussed. The subsequent studies of the derivatives unveiled their cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms (viz. inhibition of tyrosine kinases, topoisomerase I and II, tubulin, COX, DNA synthesis, and PI3K/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways), and several others. Thus, our concise illustration explains the design strategy and anticancer potential of these five- and six-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic molecules along with a brief outline on seven-membered sulfur heterocycles. The thorough assessment of antiproliferative activities with the reference drug allows a proficient assessment of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the diversely synthesized molecules of the series.

Phenothiazines Modified with the Pyridine Ring as Promising Anticancer Agents

Azaphenothiazines are the largest and most perspective group of modified phenothiazines, and they exhibit variety of biological activities. The review sums up the current knowledge on the anticancer activity of isomeric pyridobenzothiazines and dipyridothiazines, which are modified azaphenothiazines with one and two pyridine rings, respectively, against 10 types of cancer cell lines. Some 10-substituted dipyridothiazines and even 10-unsubstituted parent compounds, such as 10H-1,9-diazaphenothiazine and 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine, exhibited very potent action with the IC50 values less than 1 µg/mL and 1 µM against selected cancer cell lines. The strength of the anticancer action depends both on the tricyclic ring scaffolds and the substituents at the thiazine nitrogen atom. The review discusses the kind of the substituents, nature of tricyclic ring scaffolds with the location of the azine nitrogen atoms, the types of the cancer cell lines, and the mechanism of action.