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Mehariya S, Annamalai SN, Thaher MI, Quadir MA, Khan S, Rahmanpoor A, Abdurahman Kashem, Faisal M, Sayadi S, Al Hawari A, Al-Jabri H, Das P. A comprehensive review on versatile microalga Tetraselmis: Potentials applications in wastewater remediation and bulk chemical production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121520. [PMID: 38917540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered sustainable resources for the production of biofuel, feed, and bioactive compounds. Among various microalgal genera, the Tetraselmis genus, containing predominantly marine microalgal species with wide tolerance to salinity and temperature, has a high potential for large-scale commercialization. Until now, Tetraselmis sp. are exploited at smaller levels for aquaculture hatcheries and bivalve production. However, its prolific growth rate leads to promising areal productivity and energy-dense biomass, so it is considered a viable source of third-generation biofuel. Also, microbial pathogens and contaminants are not generally associated with Tetraselmis sp. in outdoor conditions due to faster growth as well as dominance in the culture. Numerous studies revealed that the metabolite compositions of Tetraselmis could be altered favorably by changing the growth conditions, taking advantage of its acclimatization or adaptation ability in different conditions. Furthermore, the biorefinery approach produces multiple fractions that can be successfully upgraded into various value-added products along with biofuel. Overall, Tetraselmis sp. could be considered a potential strain for further algal biorefinery development under the circular bioeconomy framework. In this aspect, this review discusses the recent advancements in the cultivation and harvesting of Tetraselmis sp. for wider application in different sectors. Furthermore, this review highlights the key challenges associated with large-scale cultivation, biomass harvesting, and commercial applications for Tetraselmis sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Mehariya
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Senthil Nagappan Annamalai
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Ibrahim Thaher
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abdul Quadir
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shoyeb Khan
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Rahmanpoor
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdurahman Kashem
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaa Al Hawari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hareb Al-Jabri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Probir Das
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Novoveská L, Nielsen SL, Eroldoğan OT, Haznedaroglu BZ, Rinkevich B, Fazi S, Robbens J, Vasquez M, Einarsson H. Overview and Challenges of Large-Scale Cultivation of Photosynthetic Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:445. [PMID: 37623726 PMCID: PMC10455696 DOI: 10.3390/md21080445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are diverse groups of organisms with great potential to benefit societies across the world. These organisms are currently used in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In addition, a variety of novel compounds are being isolated. Commercial production of photosynthetic microalgae and cyanobacteria requires cultivation on a large scale with high throughput. However, scaling up production from lab-based systems to large-scale systems is a complex and potentially costly endeavor. In this review, we summarise all aspects of large-scale cultivation, including aims of cultivation, species selection, types of cultivation (ponds, photobioreactors, and biofilms), water and nutrient sources, temperature, light and mixing, monitoring, contamination, harvesting strategies, and potential environmental risks. Importantly, we also present practical recommendations and discuss challenges of profitable large-scale systems associated with economical design, effective operation and maintenance, automation, and shortage of experienced phycologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orhan Tufan Eroldoğan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Stefano Fazi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), 00015 Roma, Italy
| | - Johan Robbens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marlen Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Hjörleifur Einarsson
- Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
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Cassuriaga APA, Moraes L, Morais MG, Costa JAV. Use of exogenous substrate in Chlorella cultivation: Strategy for biomass and polyhydroxybutyrate production. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123193. [PMID: 36634805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of exogenous carbon supplementation and nitrogen source reduction on Chlorella fusca LEB 111 growth, biomass composition, and polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation. First, assays were performed with 50 % and 25 % reduced nitrogen source concentrations (NaNO3). In the second stage, the influence of culture supplementation with 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1 D-xylose, associated with 50 and 25 % reductions in NaNO3, was evaluated. The experiments conducted with a 25 % reduction in NaNO3 and supplementation with 10 mg L-1 D-xylose resulted in a positive effect on the biomass productivity of C. fusca LEB 111, with production as high as 354.4 mg L-1 d-1. The maximum concentration of PHB extracted from C. fusca LEB 111 was 3.7 % (w w-1) and was obtained when the microalgae were cultivated with a 25 % of reduction in NaNO3 and supplementation of D-xylose at 20 mg L-1. Therefore, this study brings new perspectives regarding reducing the use of nutritional sources and using exogenous carbon sources in using microalgae to produce molecules of high biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Aguiar Cassuriaga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Moraes
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Greque Morais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Laboratory- and Pilot-Scale Cultivation of Tetraselmis striata to Produce Valuable Metabolic Compounds. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020480. [PMID: 36836837 PMCID: PMC9962084 DOI: 10.3390/life13020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae are considered an important feedstock of multiple valuable metabolic compounds of high biotechnological potential. In this work, the marine microalga Tetraselmis striata was cultivated in different scaled photobioreactors (PBRs). Initially, experiments were performed using two different growth substrates (a modified F/2 and the commercial fertilizer Nutri-Leaf (30% TN-10% P-10% K)) to identify the most efficient and low-cost growth medium. These experiments took place in 4 L glass aquariums at the laboratory scale and in a 9 L vertical tubular pilot column. Enhanced biomass productivities (up to 83.2 mg L-1 d-1) and improved biomass composition (up to 41.8% d.w. proteins, 18.7% d.w. carbohydrates, 25.7% d.w. lipids and 4.2% d.w. total chlorophylls) were found when the fertilizer was used. Pilot-scale experiments were then performed using Nutri-Leaf as a growth medium in different PBRs: (a) a paddle wheel, open, raceway pond of 40 L, and (b) a disposable polyethylene (plastic) bag of 280 L working volume. Biomass growth and composition were also monitored at the pilot scale, showing that high-quality biomass can be produced, with important lipids (up to 27.6% d.w.), protein (up to 45.3% d.w.), carbohydrate (up to 15.5% d.w.) and pigment contents (up to 4.2% d.w. total chlorophylls), and high percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The research revealed that the strain successfully escalated in larger volumes and the biochemical composition of its biomass presents high commercial interest and could potentially be used as a feed ingredient.
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Gao S, Edmundson S, Huesemann M, Gutknecht A, Laurens LM, Van Wychen S, Pittman K, Greer M. DISCOVR strain screening pipeline – Part III: Strain evaluation in outdoor raceway ponds. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Identification of a Green Algal Strain Collected from the Sarno River Mouth (Gulf of Naples, Italy) and Its Exploitation for Heavy Metal Remediation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122445. [PMID: 36557698 PMCID: PMC9781626 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) can induce both chronic and acute harmful effects on marine and freshwater biota. The environmental impact of HMs in freshwater, seawater, soil, and wastewater can be limited using microbes, including microalgae, that are able to remove metals from environmental matrices. Indeed, they can passively adsorb and actively accumulate these persistent pollutants within their organelles, limiting their detrimental effects on cellular metabolism. The Sarno River is a 30 km long freshwater stream located in Southern Italy, polluted by partially untreated municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters. In spite of this, microalgal cultures from Sarno River or Sarno River Mouth have never been established. In the present study, we isolated a green algal strain from the Sarno River Mouth and determined its ability to grow in polluted seawater containing different concentrations of cadmium, lead, or zinc. This strain was found to be able to accumulate these elements within its biomass in a dose-dependent manner. Growth inhibition experiments confirm the relatively low toxicity of Cd and Pb below 50 µM, while algal growth was seriously affected in Zn-amended media. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focused on the ability of microalgae from Sarno River Mouth to tolerate and uptake HMs.
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Long-Term Cultivation of a Native Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Strain in Pozo Izquierdo (Gran Canaria, Spain): Technical Evidence for a Viable Production of Food-Grade Biomass. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9081333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation is a promising alternative to traditional agriculture in arid—semi-arid areas. The aim of this study is to assess the viability of long-term cultivation of native Arthrospira platensis in Gran Canaria. Maximum culture productivity (0.08 g/L/day) and optimal concentration range (0.6–0.9 g/L) were firstly determined in 8000 L raceway under a greenhouse. Afterwards, a stable productivity of 0.06 g/L/day (6.0 g/m2/day) was obtained by reusing the culture medium during 26 days of cultivation, with consistent biomass biochemical composition. Outdoor temperature and daily solar irradiation ranged between 17.9–30.7 °C and 79.2–274.8 W/m2, while culture pH and salinity were in the range 9.42–10.77 and 11.2–14.9 g/L, respectively. Protein (>60%), potassium (1.8 g/100 g) and C-phycocyanin (7.2%) content is in the high-range of commercial Spirulina, which makes BEA 1257B promising for food and extraction of natural pigments/antioxidants. The dried biomass complies with international standards for human consumption, because of low heavy metal content and no pathogens presence. Product quality can be improved by reducing ash (≃12%) and sodium (1.5%) content through biomass washing optimization and/or further dewatering step. Other microorganisms can be prevented by high alkaline conditions and mild chemical treatments. These results pave the way for a sustainable microalgae-based blue bioeconomy in the Canary Islands.
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