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Marassi V, Giordani S, Placci A, Punzo A, Caliceti C, Zattoni A, Reschiglian P, Roda B, Roda A. Emerging Microfluidic Tools for Simultaneous Exosomes and Cargo Biosensing in Liquid Biopsy: New Integrated Miniaturized FFF-Assisted Approach for Colon Cancer Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9432. [PMID: 38067805 PMCID: PMC10708636 DOI: 10.3390/s23239432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The early-stage diagnosis of cancer is a crucial clinical need. The inadequacies of surgery tissue biopsy have prompted a transition to a less invasive profiling of molecular biomarkers from biofluids, known as liquid biopsy. Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer vesicles present in many biofluids with a biologically active cargo, being responsible for cell-to-cell communication in biological systems. An increase in their excretion and changes in their cargo are potential diagnostic biomarkers for an array of diseases, including cancer, and they constitute a promising analyte for liquid biopsy. The number of exosomes released, the morphological properties, the membrane composition, and their content are highly related to the physiological and pathological states. The main analytical challenge to establishing liquid biopsy in clinical practice is the development of biosensors able to detect intact exosomes concentration and simultaneously analyze specific membrane biomarkers and those contained in their cargo. Before analysis, exosomes also need to be isolated from biological fluids. Microfluidic systems can address several issues present in conventional methods (i.e., ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and immunoaffinity capture), which are time-consuming and require a relatively high amount of sample; in addition, they can be easily integrated with biosensing systems. A critical review of emerging microfluidic-based devices for integrated biosensing approaches and following the major analytical need for accurate diagnostics is presented here. The design of a new miniaturized biosensing system is also reported. A device based on hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation followed by luminescence-based immunoassay is applied to isolate intact exosomes and characterize their cargo as a proof of concept for colon cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Placci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Angela Punzo
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Renewable Sources, Environment, Sea and Energy—CIRI FRAME, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research—CIRI Agrofood, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
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Wandrey M, Jablonska J, Stauber RH, Gül D. Exosomes in Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2033. [PMID: 37895415 PMCID: PMC10608050 DOI: 10.3390/life13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapy resistance still represents a major hurdle in treating cancers, leading to impaired treatment success and increased patient morbidity. The establishment of minimally invasive liquid biopsies is a promising approach to improving the early diagnosis, as well as therapy monitoring, of solid tumors. Because of their manifold functions in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated small extracellular vesicles, referred to as exosomes, have become a subject of intense research. Besides their important roles in cancer progression, metastasis, and the immune response, it has been proposed that exosomes also contribute to the acquisition and transfer of therapy resistance, mainly by delivering functional proteins and RNAs, as well as facilitating the export of active drugs or functioning as extracellular decoys. Extensive research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of resistance and translating these into strategies for early detection. With this review, we want to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the (patho-)biology of exosomes, as well as state-of-the-art methods of isolation and analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the role of exosomes in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment, where they can function as therapeutic agents, biomarkers, and/or targets. By focusing on their roles in therapy resistance, we will reveal new paths of exploiting exosomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Wandrey
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Jadwiga Jablonska
- Translational Oncology/ENT Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Düsseldorf/Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Désirée Gül
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
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Ferlizza E, Romaniello D, Borrelli F, Pagano F, Girone C, Gelfo V, Kuhre RS, Morselli A, Mazzeschi M, Sgarzi M, Filippini DM, D'Uva G, Lauriola M. Extracellular Vesicles and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation: Interplay of Drivers in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112970. [PMID: 37296932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of great interest to study the cellular mechanisms of cancer development and to diagnose and monitor cancer progression. EVs are a highly heterogeneous population of cell derived particles, which include microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXOs). EVs deliver intercellular messages transferring proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites with implications for tumour progression, invasiveness, and metastasis. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a major driver of cancer. Tumour cells with activated EGFR could produce EVs disseminating EGFR itself or its ligands. This review provides an overview of EVs (mainly EXOs and MVs) and their cargo, with a subsequent focus on their production and effects related to EGFR activation. In particular, in vitro studies performed in EGFR-dependent solid tumours and/or cell cultures will be explored, thus shedding light on the interplay between EGFR and EVs production in promoting cancer progression, metastases, and resistance to therapies. Finally, an overview of liquid biopsy approaches involving EGFR and EVs in the blood/plasma of EGFR-dependent tumour patients will also be discussed to evaluate their possible application as candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Romaniello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Borrelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Girone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Gelfo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rikke Sofie Kuhre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Morselli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Mazzeschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Sgarzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Filippini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele D'Uva
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Ghanam J, Chetty VK, Zhu X, Liu X, Gelléri M, Barthel L, Reinhardt D, Cremer C, Thakur BK. Single Molecule Localization Microscopy for Studying Small Extracellular Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205030. [PMID: 36635058 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are 30-200 nm nanovesicles enriched with unique cargoes of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. sEVs are released by all cell types and have emerged as a critical mediator of cell-to-cell communication. Although many studies have dealt with the role of sEVs in health and disease, the exact mechanism of sEVs biogenesis and uptake remain unexplored due to the lack of suitable imaging technologies. For sEVs functional studies, imaging has long relied on conventional fluorescence microscopy that has only 200-300 nm resolution, thereby generating blurred images. To break this resolution limit, recent developments in super-resolution microscopy techniques, specifically single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), expanded the understanding of subcellular details at the few nanometer level. SMLM success relies on the use of appropriate fluorophores with excellent blinking properties. In this review, the basic principle of SMLM is highlighted and the state of the art of SMLM use in sEV biology is summarized. Next, how SMLM techniques implemented for cell imaging can be translated to sEV imaging is discussed by applying different labeling strategies to study sEV biogenesis and their biomolecular interaction with the distant recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Ghanam
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Xingfu Zhu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Márton Gelléri
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lennart Barthel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Cremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
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Chen M, Lin S, Zhou C, Cui D, Haick H, Tang N. From Conventional to Microfluidic: Progress in Extracellular Vesicle Separation and Individual Characterization. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202437. [PMID: 36541411 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles, which contain a wide variety of cargo such as proteins, miRNAs, and lipids. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Although the excellent clinical value, their use in personalized healthcare practice is not yet feasible due to their highly heterogeneous nature. Taking the difficulty of isolation and the small size of EVs into account, the characterization of EVs at a single-particle level is both imperative and challenging. In a bid to address this critical point, more research has been directed into a microfluidic platform because of its inherent advantages in sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. This review discusses the biogenesis and heterogeneity of EVs and takes a broad view of state-of-the-art advances in microfluidics-based EV research, including not only EV separation, but also the single EV characterization of biophysical detection and biochemical analysis. To highlight the advantages of microfluidic techniques, conventional technologies are included for comparison. The current status of artificial intelligence (AI) for single EV characterization is then presented. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of microfluidics and its combination with AI applications in single EV characterization are also discussed. In the foreseeable future, recent breakthroughs in microfluidic platforms are expected to pave the way for single EV analysis and improve applications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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6
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Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215415. [PMID: 36358833 PMCID: PMC9655334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The glycocalyx is a fluffy sugar coat covering the surface of all mammalian cells. While glycocalyx at endothelial cells is a barrier to tumor cell adhesion and transmigration, glycocalyx at tumor cells promotes tumor metastasis. Angiogenesis at primary tumors and the growth of tumor cells at metastatic sites are all affected by the tumor microenvironment, including the blood vasculature, extracellular matrix (ECM), and fibroblasts. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells are also considered to be the components of the tumor microenvironment. They can modify tumor vasculature, ECM, and fibroblasts. But how the EVs are generated, secreted, and up taken by the endothelial and tumor cells in the development of the tumor microenvironment are unclear, especially after anti-angiogenic therapy (AAT). The objective of this short review is to summarize the role of the glycocalyx in EV biogenesis, secretion, and uptake, as well as the modulation of the glycocalyx by the EVs. Abstract Angiogenesis in tumor growth and progression involves a series of complex changes in the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment, which can be classified as exosomes, apoptotic vesicles, and matrix vesicles according to their origins and properties. The EVs that share many common biological properties are important factors for the microenvironmental modification and play a vital role in tumor growth and progression. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exosomes, which carry VEGF, participate in the tolerance of anti-angiogenic therapy (AAT). The glycocalyx is a mucopolysaccharide structure consisting of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. Both endothelial and tumor cells have glycocalyx at their surfaces. Glycocalyx at both cells mediates the secretion and uptake of EVs. On the other hand, many components carried by EVs can modify the glycocalyx, which finally facilitates the development of the tumor microenvironment. In this short review, we first summarize the role of EVs in the development of the tumor microenvironment. Then we review how the glycocalyx is associated with the tumor microenvironment and how it is modulated by the EVs, and finally, we review the role of the glycocalyx in the synthesis, release, and uptake of EVs that affect tumor microenvironments. This review aims to provide a basis for the mechanistic study of AAT and new clues to address the challenges in AAT tolerance, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Ghanam J, Chetty VK, Barthel L, Reinhardt D, Hoyer PF, Thakur BK. DNA in extracellular vesicles: from evolution to its current application in health and disease. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:37. [PMID: 35346363 PMCID: PMC8961894 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is a highly conserved evolutionary trait in all organisms in the three domains of life. The packaging and release of EVs appears to be a bulk-flow process which takes place mainly under extreme conditions. EVs participate in horizontal gene transfer, which supports the survival of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. In higher eukaryotes, almost all cells secrete a heterogeneous population of EVs loaded with various biomolecules. EV secretion is typically higher in cancer microenvironments, promoting tumor progression and metastasis. EVs are now recognized as additional mediators of autocrine and paracrine communication in health and disease. In this context, proteins and RNAs have been studied the most, but extracellular vesicle DNA (EV-DNA) has started to gain in importance in the last few years. In this review, we summarize new findings related to the loading mechanism(s), localization, and post-shedding function of EV-DNA. We also discuss the feasibility of using EV-DNA as a biomarker when performing a liquid biopsy, at the same time emphasizing the lack of data from clinical trials in this regard. Finally, we outline the potential of EV-DNA uptake and its interaction with the host genome as a promising tool for understanding the mechanisms of cancer evolution. Protecting DNA in membrane vesicles seems to be a conserved phenomenon for the horizontal genetic flux between prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Capturing and analyzing this vesicular DNA enables quick and non-invasive monitoring of natural ecosystems. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles containing DNA open up novel directions in cell-to-cell communication and therefore disease monitoring. Complex and fluctuating conditions of the tumor microenvironment, mimicking natural ecosystems, could favor EV-DNA release, mediating tumor multi-clonal evolution and providing survival benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Ghanam
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Venkatesh Kumar Chetty
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Lennart Barthel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-Friedrich Hoyer
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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8
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Liu YC, Huang YT, Chen CJ. Development of a high-pH reversed-phase well plate for peptide fractionation and deep proteome analysis of cells and exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2513-2522. [PMID: 35099582 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the proteome often limits the number of identified proteins in the nanoflow LC-MS (nanoLC-MS) analysis of samples. Therefore, peptide fractionation is essential for reducing the sample complexity and improving the proteome coverage. In this study, to achieve high-pH reversed-phase (RP)-well plate fractionation for high-throughput proteomics analysis, C18 particles were coated on a 96-well plate, and the sample-loading processes were optimized for high-pH fractionation. The sample capacity of the high-pH RP-well plate was estimated to be ~6 μg of protein. There were 1.85- and 1.71-fold increases in the number of protein groups and peptides identified, respectively, with high-pH RP-well plate fractionation, compared to those without fractionation. In addition, with alkaline C18 well plate fractionation, exosome markers could be detected using ~1 μg of a protein digest of exosomes by microflow LC-MS (microLC-MS). These results illustrate that high-pH RP-well plate fractionation has superior sensitivity and effectiveness in preparing trace amounts of proteins for deep proteome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Liu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Rezaie J, Ahmadi M, Ravanbakhsh R, Mojarad B, Mahbubfam S, Shaban SA, Shadi K, Berenjabad NJ, Etemadi T. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: The metastatic organotropism drivers. Life Sci 2022; 289:120216. [PMID: 34890589 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growing, spreading, and metastasis of tumor cells depend on intercellular communication within cells resident in a tissue environment. Such communication is mediated through the secretion of particles from tumor cells and resident cells known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) within a microenvironment. EVs are a heterogeneous population of membranous vesicles released from tumor cells that transfer many types of active biomolecules to recipient cells and induce physiologic and phenotypic alterations in the tissue environment. Spreading the 'seeds' of metastasis needs the EVs that qualify the 'soil' at distant sites to promote the progress of arriving tumor cells. Growing evidence indicates that EVs have vital roles in tumorigenesis, including pre-metastatic niche formation and organotropic metastasis. These EVs mediate organotropic metastasis by modifying the pre-metastatic microenvironment through different pathways including induction of phenotypic alternation and differentiation of cells, enrolment of distinct supportive stromal cells, up-regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and induction of immunosuppressive status. However, instead of pre-metastatic niche formation, evidence suggests that EVs may mediate reawakening of dormant niches. Findings regarding EVs function in tumor metastasis have led to growing interests in the interdisciplinary significance of EVs, including targeted therapy, cell-free therapy, drug-delivery system, and diagnostic biomarker. In this review, we discuss EVs-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation and organotropic metastasis in visceral such as lung, liver, brain, lymph node, and bone with a focus on associated signaling, causing visceral environment hospitable for metastatic cells. Furthermore, we present an overview of the possible therapeutic application of EVs in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Aquatic Biotechnology, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behnam Mojarad
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadi Mahbubfam
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Kosar Shadi
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Etemadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Pino L, Schilling B. Proximity labeling and other novel mass spectrometric approaches for spatiotemporal protein dynamics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:757-765. [PMID: 34496693 PMCID: PMC8650568 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1976149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins are highly dynamic and their biological function is controlled by not only temporal abundance changes but also via regulated protein-protein interaction networks, which respond to internal and external perturbations. A wealth of novel analytical reagents and workflows allow studying spatiotemporal protein environments with great granularity while maintaining high throughput and ease of analysis. AREAS COVERED We review technology advances for measuring protein-protein proximity interactions with an emphasis on proximity labeling, and briefly summarize other spatiotemporal approaches including protein localization, and their dynamic changes over time, specifically in human cells and mammalian tissues. We focus especially on novel technologies and workflows emerging within the past 5 years. This includes enrichment-based techniques (proximity labeling and crosslinking), separation-based techniques (organelle fractionation and size exclusion chromatography), and finally sorting-based techniques (laser capture microdissection and mass spectrometry imaging). EXPERT OPINION Spatiotemporal proteomics is a key step in assessing biological complexity, understanding refined regulatory mechanisms, and forming protein complexes and networks. Studying protein dynamics across space and time holds promise for gaining deep insights into how protein networks may be perturbed during disease and aging processes, and offer potential avenues for therapeutic interventions, drug discovery, and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Pino
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Birgit Schilling
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, CA 94945, USA
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Cho HJ, Baek GO, Yoon MG, Ahn HR, Son JA, Kim SS, Cheong JY, Eun JW. Overexpressed Proteins in HCC Cell-Derived Exosomes, CCT8, and Cofilin-1 Are Potential Biomarkers for Patients with HCC. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071221. [PMID: 34359304 PMCID: PMC8307801 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein markers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-derived exosomes (HEX) have not yet been fully evaluated. Here, we identified novel protein contents of HEX and their clinical significance as biomarkers. Exosomes were isolated from human HCC cell lines and an immortalized normal hepatocyte cell line. Proteomic analyses revealed 15 markedly overexpressed proteins in HEX. The clinical relevance of the 15 proteins was analyzed in public RNA-sequencing datasets, and 6 proteins were selected as candidate of potential biomarkers. Serum CCT8 and CFL1 were markedly overexpressed in test cohort (n = 8). In the validation cohort (n = 224), the area under the curve (AUC) of serum CCT8 and CFL1 for HCC diagnosis was calculated as 0.698 and 0.677, respectively, whereas that of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was 0.628. The combination of three serum markers (CCT8, CFL1, and AFP) demonstrated the highest AUC for HCC diagnosis. (AUC = 0.838, 95% confidence interval = 0.773–0.876) Furthermore, higher serum CCT8 and CFL1 concentrations were significantly associated with the presence of vascular invasion, advanced tumor stage, poor disease-free survival, and poor overall survival. Cofilin-1 and CCT8, enriched proteins in HEX, were identified as potential diagnostic and prognostic serum biomarkers for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Geum Ok Baek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Moon Gyeong Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Hye Ri Ahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ju A Son
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.C.); (J.W.E.); Tel.: +82-31-219-5119 (J.Y.C.); +82-31-219-4681 (J.W.E.)
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.C.); (J.W.E.); Tel.: +82-31-219-5119 (J.Y.C.); +82-31-219-4681 (J.W.E.)
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Coupling size exclusion chromatography to ultracentrifugation improves detection of exosomal proteins from human plasma by LC-MS. Pract Lab Med 2021; 26:e00241. [PMID: 34258353 PMCID: PMC8254000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exosomes are small lipid bilayer vesicles that are defined by their endocytic origin and size range of 30–140 nm. They are constantly produced by different cell types, by both healthy and abnormal cells, and can be isolated from almost all body fluids. Little information exists in isolating exosomes from plasma due to the complexity of its content and the presence of contaminating plasma proteins. Design and methods We carried-out liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses of plasma-derived vesicles from 4 healthy donors obtained by 2 coupled methodologies: Ultracentrifugation (UC) coupled with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to isolate and subsequently enrich exosomes. We compared the proteins detected by UC alone and UC coupled with SEC. Results In the coupled UC + SEC methodology we found 52.25% more proteins enriched in exosomes as CD9, Annexins, YWHAZ (14-3-3 family) and others, than by using UC alone. There is also a reduction of 98.8% of contaminating plasma proteins by coupling UC and SEC in comparison to using UC alone. Conclusions We conclude that exosomes can be successfully isolated from plasma using a very simple combination of standard methods, which could largely improve the proteomics profiling of plasma exosomes. Isolating exosomes with the least possible contaminants is very important for their clinical application. Isolating exosomes from human plasma faces considerable challenges. There is no ideal single isolation technique until this date. Exosomes can be successfully isolated from plasma using a combination of Ultracentrifugation and SEC.
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Key Words
- AGO2, Argonaute protein
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- Exosomes
- FDR, false discovery rate
- Human plasma
- ILVs, intraluminal vesicles
- MVBs, multivesicular bodies
- Mass spectrometry
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- Size-exclusion chromatography
- UC, ultracentrifugation
- Ultracentrifugation
- cfNAs, Cell-free nucleic acids
- ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA
- miRNA, microRNA
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Zivko C, Fuhrmann G, Luciani P. Liver-derived extracellular vesicles: A cell by cell overview to isolation and characterization practices. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Srivastava A, Rathore S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: from Immune Suppression to Immunotherapy. AAPS J 2021; 23:30. [PMID: 33586060 PMCID: PMC7882565 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication and play a crucial role in cellular physiology. The role of exosomes in cancer has been widely explored. Tumor cells have evolved and adapted to evade the immune response. The study of the immune system's modulations in favor of rogue tumor cells led to the development of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs). In clinical settings, the response to ICP therapy has been inconsistent and is difficult to predict. Quantitating the targeted ICPs through immunohistochemistry is one approach, but is not pragmatic in a clinical setting and is often not sensitive. Examining the molecules present in bodily fluids to determine ICP treatment response, "liquid biopsy" is a convenient alternative. The term "liquid biopsy" refers to circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), non-coding (nc) RNA, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating free DNA (cfDNA), etc. EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes. Herein, we focus on exosomes isolated from bodily fluids and their use in liquid biopsy. Due to their unique ability to transfer bioactive molecules and perturb the physiology of recipient cells, exosomes have garnered attention for their immune modulation role and as a resource to identify molecules associated with liquid biopsy-based diagnostic methods. In this review, we examine the putative role of exosomes and their cargo in influencing the immune system. We discuss the immune and tumor cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the exosomes derived from these cells to understand how they participate in creating the immune-suppressive TME. Additionally, use of exosomes in liquid biopsy-based methods to measure the treatment response elicited by immunotherapy is discussed. Finally, we describe how exosomes have been used to develop immune therapies, especially cell-free vaccines, for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shipra Rathore
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Fangzhou Shi
- Department of GeriatricsAffiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Clinical LaboratorySecond Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary SurgeryChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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16
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Extracellular vesicle-mediated nucleic acid transfer and reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2020; 482:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Bexkens ML, van Gestel RA, van Breukelen B, Urbanus RT, Brouwers JF, Nieuwland R, Tielens AGM, van Hellemond JJ. Schistosoma mansoni infection affects the proteome and lipidome of circulating extracellular vesicles in the host. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 238:111296. [PMID: 32603736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eggs, schistosomula and adult Schistosoma worms are known to release extracellular vesicles (EV) during in vitro incubations and these EVs are postulated to affect the host responses. So far only those EVs released during in vitro incubations of schistosomes have been studied and it is unknown whether in blood of infected hosts the schistosomal EVs can be detected amidst all the circulating EVs of the host itself. In this study we analyzed the protein as well as the phospholipid composition of EVs circulating in blood plasma of S. mansoni infected hamsters and compared those with the EVs circulating in blood of non-infected hamsters. Although neither proteins nor lipids specific for schistosomes could be detected in the circulating EVs of the infected hamsters, the infection with schistosomes had a marked effect on the circulating EVs of the host, as the protein as well as the lipid composition of EVs circulating in infected hamsters were different from the EVs of uninfected hamsters. The observed changes in the EV lipid and protein content suggest that more EVs are released by the diseased liver, the affected erythrocytes and activated immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel L Bexkens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renske A van Gestel
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas van Breukelen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf T Urbanus
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Center for Circulatory Health, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Basisty N, Kale A, Patel S, Campisi J, Schilling B. The power of proteomics to monitor senescence-associated secretory phenotypes and beyond: toward clinical applications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:297-308. [PMID: 32425074 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1766976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular senescence is a rapidly growing field with potential relevance for the treatment of multiple human diseases. In the last decade, cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) have emerged as central drivers of aging and many chronic diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, heart disease and osteoarthritis. Major efforts are underway to develop drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells (senolytics) or alter the SASP (senomorphics) to treat age-related diseases in humans. The translation of senescence-targeting therapies into humans is still in early stages. Nonetheless, it is clear that proteomic approaches will facilitate the discovery of important SASP proteins, development of senescence- and SASP-derived biomarkers, and identification of therapeutic targets for senolytic and senomorphic drugs. AREAS COVERED We review recent proteomic studies of cellular senescence and their translational relevance and, particularly, characterization of the secretory phenotype and preclinical development of biomarkers (from 2008-2020, PubMed). We focus on emerging areas, such as the heterogeneity of senescent cells and the SASP, extracellular vesicles released by senescent cells, and validating biomarkers of aging in vivo. EXPERT OPINION Proteomic and multi-omic approaches will be important for the development of senescence-based biomarkers to facilitate and monitor future therapeutic interventions that target senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Basisty
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato , California, USA
| | - Abhijit Kale
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato , California, USA
| | - Sandip Patel
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato , California, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato , California, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, USA
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Extracellular Vesicles-Based Biomarkers Represent a Promising Liquid Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122000. [PMID: 31842290 PMCID: PMC6966595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted in large amounts into biological fluids of cancer patients. The analysis of EVs cargoes has been associated with patient´s outcome and response to therapy. However, current technologies for EVs isolation are tedious and low cost-efficient for routine clinical implementation. To explore the clinical value of circulating EVs analysis we attempted a proof-of-concept in endometrial cancer (EC) with ExoGAG, an easy to use and highly efficient new technology to enrich EVs. Technical performance was first evaluated using EVs secreted by Hec1A cells. Then, the clinical value of this strategy was questioned by analyzing the levels of two well-known tissue biomarkers in EC, L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) and Annexin A2 (ANXA2), in EVs purified from plasma in a cohort of 41 EC patients and 20 healthy controls. The results demonstrated the specific content of ANXA2 in the purified EVs fraction, with an accurate sensitivity and specificity for EC diagnosis. Importantly, high ANXA2 levels in circulating EVs were associated with high risk of recurrence and non-endometrioid histology suggesting a potential value as a prognostic biomarker in EC. These results also confirmed ExoGAG technology as a robust technique for the clinical implementation of circulating EVs analyses.
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Wang J, Wang Y, Tang L, Garcia RC. Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacterial Infections: Their Potential as Molecule Transfer Vectors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1929. [PMID: 31474995 PMCID: PMC6703136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released by living cells and present in body fluids. Their composition includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids and are involved in transfers between cells. Extracellular vesicles can deliver molecules to cells and tissues even if distant. As a consequence, they have a role in information transmission and in the modulation of the biological function of recipient cells. Among other things, they are involved in antigen presentation and the induction of secretion events by immune cells. Thus, extracellular vesicles participate in the regulation of immune responses during infections. We will discuss their potential as effectors and disease biomarkers concerning only mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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