|
1
|
Free G, Bresciani M, Pinardi M, Giardino C, Alikas K, Kangro K, Rõõm EI, Vaičiūtė D, Bučas M, Tiškus E, Hommersom A, Laanen M, Peters S. Detecting Climate Driven Changes in Chlorophyll-a Using High Frequency Monitoring: The Impact of the 2019 European Heatwave in Three Contrasting Aquatic Systems. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186242. [PMID: 34577449 PMCID: PMC8473262 DOI: 10.3390/s21186242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of heatwave events in Europe is increasing as a result of climate change. This can have implications for the water quality and ecological functioning of aquatic systems. We deployed three spectroradiometer WISPstations at three sites in Europe (Italy, Estonia, and Lithuania/Russia) to measure chlorophyll-a at high frequency. A heatwave in July 2019 occurred with record daily maximum temperatures over 40 °C in parts of Europe. The effects of the resulting storm that ended the heatwave were more discernable than the heatwave itself. Following the storm, chlorophyll-a concentrations increased markedly in two of the lakes and remained high for the duration of the summer while at one site concentrations increased linearly. Heatwaves and subsequent storms appeared to play an important role in structuring the phenology of the primary producers, with wider implications for lake functioning. Chlorophyll-a peaked in early September, after which a wind event dissipated concentrations until calmer conditions returned. Synoptic coordinated high frequency monitoring needs to be advanced in Europe as part of water management policy and to improve knowledge on the implications of climate change. Lakes, as dynamic ecosystems with fast moving species-succession, provide a prism to observe the scale of future change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Free
- Institute of Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IREA), via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.P.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariano Bresciani
- Institute of Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IREA), via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Monica Pinardi
- Institute of Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IREA), via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudia Giardino
- Institute of Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IREA), via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Krista Alikas
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, Tõravere, 61602 Tartu, Estonia; (K.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Kersti Kangro
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, Tõravere, 61602 Tartu, Estonia; (K.A.); (K.K.)
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Eva-Ingrid Rõõm
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Diana Vaičiūtė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Universiteto Ave. 17, 92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania; (D.V.); (M.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Martynas Bučas
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Universiteto Ave. 17, 92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania; (D.V.); (M.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Edvinas Tiškus
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Universiteto Ave. 17, 92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania; (D.V.); (M.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Annelies Hommersom
- Water Insight, Fahrenheitstraat 42, 6716 BR Ede, The Netherlands; (A.H.); (M.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Marnix Laanen
- Water Insight, Fahrenheitstraat 42, 6716 BR Ede, The Netherlands; (A.H.); (M.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Steef Peters
- Water Insight, Fahrenheitstraat 42, 6716 BR Ede, The Netherlands; (A.H.); (M.L.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|