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Falcioni R, Antunes WC, Berti de Oliveira R, Chicati ML, Demattê JAM, Nanni MR. Hyperspectral and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses of Comparative Leaf Surfaces Reveal Cellular Influences on Leaf Optical Properties in Tradescantia Plants. Cells 2024; 13:952. [PMID: 38891083 PMCID: PMC11171972 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The differential effects of cellular and ultrastructural characteristics on the optical properties of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces in the genus Tradescantia highlight the intricate relationships between cellular arrangement and pigment distribution in the plant cells. We examined hyperspectral and chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) kinetics using spectroradiometers and optical and electron microscopy techniques. The leaves were analysed for their spectral properties and cellular makeup. The biochemical compounds were measured and correlated with the biophysical and ultrastructural features. The main findings showed that the top and bottom leaf surfaces had different amounts and patterns of pigments, especially anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolics, chlorophyll-carotenoids, and cell and organelle structures, as revealed by the hyperspectral vegetation index (HVI). These differences were further elucidated by the correlation coefficients, which influence the optical signatures of the leaves. Additionally, ChlF kinetics varied between leaf surfaces, correlating with VIS-NIR-SWIR bands through distinct cellular structures and pigment concentrations in the hypodermis cells. We confirmed that the unique optical properties of each leaf surface arise not only from pigmentation but also from complex cellular arrangements and structural adaptations. Some of the factors that affect how leaves reflect light are the arrangement of chloroplasts, thylakoid membranes, vacuoles, and the relative size of the cells themselves. These findings improve our knowledge of the biophysical and biochemical reasons for leaf optical diversity, and indicate possible implications for photosynthetic efficiency and stress adaptation under different environmental conditions in the mesophyll cells of Tradescantia plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Falcioni
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; (W.C.A.); (R.B.d.O.); (M.L.C.); (M.R.N.)
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; (W.C.A.); (R.B.d.O.); (M.L.C.); (M.R.N.)
| | - Roney Berti de Oliveira
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; (W.C.A.); (R.B.d.O.); (M.L.C.); (M.R.N.)
| | - Marcelo Luiz Chicati
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; (W.C.A.); (R.B.d.O.); (M.L.C.); (M.R.N.)
| | - José Alexandre M. Demattê
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-260, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Rafael Nanni
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; (W.C.A.); (R.B.d.O.); (M.L.C.); (M.R.N.)
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Falcioni R, Santos GLAAD, Crusiol LGT, Antunes WC, Chicati ML, Oliveira RBD, Demattê JAM, Nanni MR. Non-Invasive Assessment, Classification, and Prediction of Biophysical Parameters Using Reflectance Hyperspectroscopy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2526. [PMID: 37447089 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral technology offers significant potential for non-invasive monitoring and prediction of morphological parameters in plants. In this study, UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR reflectance hyperspectral data were collected from Nicotiana tabacum L. plants using a spectroradiometer. These plants were grown under different light and gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations. Through spectroscopy and multivariate analyses, key growth parameters, such as height, leaf area, energy yield, and biomass, were effectively evaluated based on the interaction of light with leaf structures. The shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands, specifically SWIR1 and SWIR2, showed the strongest correlations with these growth parameters. When classifying tobacco plants grown under different GA3 concentrations in greenhouses, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed, achieving an average accuracy of over 99.1% using neural network (NN) and gradient boosting (GB) algorithms. Among the 34 tested vegetation indices, the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) demonstrated the strongest correlations with all evaluated plant phenotypes. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models effectively predicted morphological attributes, with R2CV values ranging from 0.81 to 0.87 and RPDP values exceeding 2.09 for all parameters. Based on Pearson's coefficient XYZ interpolations and HVI algorithms, the NIR-SWIR band combination proved the most effective for predicting height and leaf area, while VIS-NIR was optimal for optimal energy yield, and VIS-VIS was best for predicting biomass. To further corroborate these findings, the SWIR bands for certain morphological characteristic wavelengths selected with s-PLS were most significant for SWIR1 and SWIR2, while i-PLS showed a more uniform distribution in VIS-NIR-SWIR bands. Therefore, SWIR hyperspectral bands provide valuable insights into developing alternative bands for remote sensing measurements to estimate plant morphological parameters. These findings underscore the potential of remote sensing technology for rapid, accurate, and non-invasive monitoring within stationary high-throughput phenotyping systems in greenhouses. These insights align with advancements in digital and precision technology, indicating a promising future for research and innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Falcioni
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Guilherme Teixeira Crusiol
- Embrapa Soja (National Soybean Research Center-Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/nº, Distrito de Warta, Londrina 86001-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Chicati
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roney Berti de Oliveira
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José A M Demattê
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-260, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rafael Nanni
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil
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Falcioni R, Antunes WC, Demattê JAM, Nanni MR. Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Classification and Prediction of Pigments in Agronomic Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2347. [PMID: 37375972 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Reflectance spectroscopy, in combination with machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms, is an effective method for classifying and predicting pigments and phenotyping in agronomic crops. This study aims to use hyperspectral data to develop a robust and precise method for the simultaneous evaluation of pigments, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, in six agronomic crops: corn, sugarcane, coffee, canola, wheat, and tobacco. Our results demonstrate high classification accuracy and precision, with principal component analyses (PCAs)-linked clustering and a kappa coefficient analysis yielding results ranging from 92 to 100% in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) to near-infrared (NIR) to shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands. Predictive models based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) achieved R2 values ranging from 0.77 to 0.89 and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) values over 2.1 for each pigment in C3 and C4 plants. The integration of pigment phenotyping methods with fifteen vegetation indices further improved accuracy, achieving values ranging from 60 to 100% across different full or range wavelength bands. The most responsive wavelengths were selected based on a cluster heatmap, β-loadings, weighted coefficients, and hyperspectral vegetation index (HVI) algorithms, thereby reinforcing the effectiveness of the generated models. Consequently, hyperspectral reflectance can serve as a rapid, precise, and accurate tool for evaluating agronomic crops, offering a promising alternative for monitoring and classification in integrated farming systems and traditional field production. It provides a non-destructive technique for the simultaneous evaluation of pigments in the most important agronomic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Falcioni
- Graduate Program in Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Graduate Program in Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre M Demattê
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-260, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rafael Nanni
- Graduate Program in Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
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Li W, Wang K, Han G, Wang H, Tan N, Yan Z. Integrated diagnosis and time-series sensitivity evaluation of nutrient deficiencies in medicinal plant ( Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.) based on UAV multispectral sensors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1092610. [PMID: 36704174 PMCID: PMC9871506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1092610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) are essential elements that are highly deficient during plant growth. Existing diagnostic methods are not suitable for rapid diagnosis of large-scale planting areas. Near-ground remote sensing technology based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and sensor is often applied to crop growth condition monitoring and agricultural management. It has been proven to be used for monitoring plant N, P, and K content. However, its integrated diagnostic model has been less studied. METHODS In this study, we collected UAV multispectral images of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. in different periods of nutritional stress and constructed recognition models with different heights and algorithms. The optimal model variables were selected, and the effects of different sampling heights and modeling algorithms on the model efficiency under the time span were evaluated. At the same time, we evaluated the timeliness of the model based on leaf element content determination and SPAD. It was also validated in field crop production. RESULTS The results showed that the LR algorithm's model had optimal performance at all periods and flight altitudes. The optimal accuracy of N-deficient plants identification reached 100%, P/K-deficient plants reached 92.4%, and normal plants reached 91.7%. The results of UAV multispectral diagnosis, chemical diagnosis, and SPAD value diagnosis were consistent in the diagnosis of N deficiency, and the diagnosis of P and K deficiency was slightly lagging behind that of chemical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This research uses UAV remote sensing technology to establish an efficient, fast, and timely nutritional diagnosis method for L. Chuanxiong, which is applied in production. Meanwhile, the standardized production of medicinal plant resources provides new solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guiqi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ningbo Tan
- School of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Vitalis F, Muncan J, Anantawittayanon S, Kovacs Z, Tsenkova R. Aquaphotomics Monitoring of Lettuce Freshness during Cold Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020258. [PMID: 36673350 PMCID: PMC9858011 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh-cut leafy vegetables are one of the most perishable products because they readily deteriorate in quality even during cold storage and have a relatively short shelf life. Since these products are in high demand, methods for rigorous quality control and estimation of freshness that are rapid and non-destructive would be highly desirable. The objective of the present research was to develop a rapid, non-destructive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based method for the evaluation of changes during cold storage of lettuce using an aquaphotomics approach to monitor the water molecular structure in lettuce leaves. The reference measurements showed that after 6 days of dark, cold storage, the weight and water activity of lettuce leaves decreased and β-carotene decreased, while chlorophylls slightly increased. Aquaphotomics characterization showed large differences in the lettuce leaves' spectra depending on their growth zone. Difference spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed the differences in the inner and outer leaves and revealed that spectra change as a function of storage time. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) allowed the prediction of the time spent in storage with a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.80 and standard error of RMSE = 0.77 days for inner, and R2 = 0.86 and RMSE = 0.66 days for outer leaves, respectively. The following water absorbance bands were found to provide the most information in the spectra: 1348, 1360, 1373, 1385, 1391, 1410, 1416, 1422, 1441, 1447, 1453, 1466, 1472, 1490, 1503, 1515, 1521, 1534 and 1571 nm. They were further used as water matrix coordinates (WAMACs) to define the water spectral patterns (WASPs) of lettuce leaves. The WASPs of leaves served to succinctly describe the state of lettuces during storage. The changes in WASPs during storage reveled moisture loss, damage to cell walls and expulsion of intracellular water, as well as loss of free and weakly hydrogen-bonded water, all leading to a loss of juiciness. The WASPs also showed that damage stimulated the defense mechanisms and production of vitamin C. The leaves at the end of the storage period were characterized by water strongly bound to collapsed structural elements of leaf tissues, mainly cellulose, leading to a loss of firmness that was more pronounced in the outer leaves. All of this information was reflected in the changes of absorbance in the identified WAMACs, showing that the water molecular structure of lettuce leaves accurately reflects the state of the lettuce during storage and that WASPs can be used as a multidimensional biomarker to monitor changes during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Vitalis
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói Street 14-16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jelena Muncan
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sukritta Anantawittayanon
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói Street 14-16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-78-803-5911
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Muncan J, Anantawittayanon S, Furuta T, Kaneko T, Tsenkova R. Aquaphotomics monitoring of strawberry fruit during cold storage - A comparison of two cooling systems. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1058173. [PMID: 36570127 PMCID: PMC9780392 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1058173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use aquaphotomics and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to follow the changes in strawberries during cold storage in the refrigerator with an electric field generator (supercooling fridge, SCF) and without it (control fridge, CF). The NIR spectra of strawberries stored in these refrigerators were collected over the course of 15 days using a portable mini spectrometer and their weight was measured daily. The spectral data in the region of the first overtone of water (1,300-1,600 nm) were analyzed using aquaphotomics multivariate analysis. The results showed a decrease in weight loss of strawberries, but the loss of weight was significantly lower in SCF, compared to the CF. The reduction of weight loss due to exposure to an electric field was comparable to the use of coatings. The aquaphotomics analysis showed that the NIR spectra adequately captured changes in the fruit over the storage period, and that it is possible to predict how long the fruit spent in storage, regardless of the storage type. During aquaphotomics analysis, 19 water absorbance bands were found to be consistently repeating and to have importance for the description of changes in strawberries during cold storage. These bands defined the water spectral pattern (WASP), multidimensional biomarker that was used for the description of the state and dynamics of water in strawberries during time spent in storage. Comparison of WASPs of strawberries in CF and SCF showed that exposure to an electric field leads to a delay in ripening by around 3 days. This was evidenced by the increased amount of structural, strongly bound water and vapor-like trapped water in the strawberries stored in SCF. This particular state of water in strawberries stored in SCF was related to the hardening of the strawberry skin and prevention of moisture loss, in agreement with the results of significantly decreased weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Muncan
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sukritta Anantawittayanon
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan,*Correspondence: Roumiana Tsenkova,
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Assessing Grapevine Nutrient Status from Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Hyperspectral Imagery. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13214489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the optimal sets of spectral bands for monitoring multiple grapevine nutrients in vineyards. We used spectral data spanning 400–2500 nm and leaf samples from 100 Concord grapevine canopies, lab-analyzed for six key nutrient values, to select the optimal bands for the nutrient regression models. The canopy spectral data were obtained with unmanned aerial systems (UAS), using push-broom imaging spectrometers (hyperspectral sensors). The novel use of UAS-based hyperspectral imagery to assess the grapevine nutrient status fills the gap between in situ spectral sampling and UAS-based multispectral imaging, avoiding their inherent trade-offs between spatial and spectral resolution. We found that an ensemble feature ranking method, utilizing six different machine learning feature selection methods, produced similar regression results as the standard PLSR feature selection and regression while generally selecting fewer wavelengths. We identified a set of biochemically consistent bands (606, 641, and 1494 nm) to predict the nitrogen content with an RMSE of 0.17% (using leave-one-out cross-validation) in samples with nitrogen contents ranging between 2.4 and 3.6%. Further studying is needed to confirm the relevance and consistency of the wavelengths selected for each nutrient model, but ensemble feature selection showed promise in identifying stable sets of wavelengths for assessing grapevine nutrient contents from canopy spectra.
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Broadacre Crop Yield Estimation Using Imaging Spectroscopy from Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): A Field-Based Case Study with Snap Bean. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13163241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, precise, and timely estimation of crop yield is key to a grower’s ability to proactively manage crop growth and predict harvest logistics. Such yield predictions typically are based on multi-parametric models and in-situ sampling. Here we investigate the extension of a greenhouse study, to low-altitude unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Our principal objective was to investigate snap bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris) yield using imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral imaging) in the visible to near-infrared (VNIR; 400–1000 nm) region via UAS. We aimed to solve the problem of crop yield modelling by identifying spectral features explaining yield and evaluating the best time period for accurate yield prediction, early in time. We introduced a Python library, named Jostar, for spectral feature selection. Embedded in Jostar, we proposed a new ranking method for selected features that reaches an agreement between multiple optimization models. Moreover, we implemented a well-known denoising algorithm for the spectral data used in this study. This study benefited from two years of remotely sensed data, captured at multiple instances over the summers of 2019 and 2020, with 24 plots and 18 plots, respectively. Two harvest stage models, early and late harvest, were assessed at two different locations in upstate New York, USA. Six varieties of snap bean were quantified using two components of yield, pod weight and seed length. We used two different vegetation detection algorithms. the Red-Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RENDVI) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), to subset the fields into vegetation vs. non-vegetation pixels. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used as the regression model. Among nine different optimization models embedded in Jostar, we selected the Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Simulated Annealing (SA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and their resulting joint ranking. The findings show that pod weight can be explained with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.78–0.93) and low root-mean-square error (RMSE = 940–1369 kg/ha) for two years of data. Seed length yield assessment resulted in higher accuracies (R2 = 0.83–0.98) and lower errors (RMSE = 4.245–6.018 mm). Among optimization models used, ACO and SA outperformed others and the SAM vegetation detection approach showed improved results when compared to the RENDVI approach when dense canopies were being examined. Wavelengths at 450, 500, 520, 650, 700, and 760 nm, were identified in almost all data sets and harvest stage models used. The period between 44–55 days after planting (DAP) the optimal time period for yield assessment. Future work should involve transferring the learned concepts to a multispectral system, for eventual operational use; further attention should also be paid to seed length as a ground truth data collection technique, since this yield indicator is far more rapid and straightforward.
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