Global Surface Mass Variations from Continuous GPS Observations and Satellite Altimetry Data

Surface Mass Variations from GPS and GRACE/GFO: A Case Study in Southwest China

Surface mass variations inferred from the Global Positioning System (GPS), and observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GFO) complement each other in terms of spatial and temporal coverage. This paper presents an analysis of regional surface mass variations inverted from GPS vertical displacements under different density distributions of GPS stations, and compares the GPS-derived mass variations with GRACE/GFO inversion results in spatial and temporal domains. To this end, GPS vertical displacement data from a total of 85 permanent GPS stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), the latest GRACE/GFO RL06 spherical harmonic (SH) solutions and GRACE RL06 mascon solutions are used to investigate surface mass variations in four regions or basins, including the Yunnan Province (YNP), Min River Basin (MRB), Jialing River Basin (JLRB), and Wu River Basin (WRB) in Southwest China. Our results showed that the spatial distributions and seasonal characteristics of GPS-derived mass change time series agree well with those from GRACE/GFO observations, especially in regions with relatively dense distributions of GPS stations (e.g., in the YNP and MRB), but there are still obvious discrepancies between the GPS and GRACE/GFO results. Scale factor methods (both basin-scaled and pixel-scaled) were employed to reduce the amplitude discrepancies between GPS and GRACE/GFO results. The results also showed that the one-year gap between the GRACE and GFO missions can be bridged by scaled GPS-derived mass change time series in the four studied regions, especially in the YNP and MRB regions (with relatively dense distributions of GPS stations).