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Juste-Dolz A, Teixeira W, Pallás-Tamarit Y, Carballido-Fernández M, Carrascosa J, Morán-Porcar Á, Redón-Badenas MÁ, Pla-Roses MG, Tirado-Balaguer MD, Remolar-Quintana MJ, Ortiz-Carrera J, Ibañez-Echevarría E, Maquieira A, Giménez-Romero D. Real-world evaluation of a QCM-based biosensor for exhaled air. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05407-5. [PMID: 38922434 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The biosensor, named "virusmeter" in this study, integrates quartz crystal microbalance technology with an immune-functionalized chip to distinguish between symptomatic patients with respiratory diseases and healthy individuals by analyzing exhaled air samples. Renowned for its compact design, rapidity, and noninvasive nature, this device yields results within a 5-min timeframe. Evaluated under controlled conditions with 54 hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients and 128 control subjects, the biosensor demonstrated good overall sensitivity (98.15%, 95% CI 90.1-100.0) and specificity (96.87%, 95% CI 92.2-99.1). This proof-of-concept presents an innovative approach with significant potential for leveraging piezoelectric sensors to diagnose respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Juste-Dolz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - William Teixeira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yeray Pallás-Tamarit
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Carballido-Fernández
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Calle Grecia, 31, 12006, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Javier Carrascosa
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela Morán-Porcar
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Redón-Badenas
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - María Gracia Pla-Roses
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - María José Remolar-Quintana
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Avinguda de Benicàssim, 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jon Ortiz-Carrera
- La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, nº 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ethel Ibañez-Echevarría
- La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, nº 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - David Giménez-Romero
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universitat de València, Calle Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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Invertion and methylation of pyrrole ring in tetrasulfophenylporphyrin: basicity, aggregation properties, chirality. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yahia MB, Knani S, Hsan LBH, Yahia MB, Nasri H, Ben Lamine A. Statistical studies of adsorption isotherms of iron nitrate and iron chloride on a thin layer of porphyrin. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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A Practical Model of Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Actual Applications. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081785. [PMID: 28771215 PMCID: PMC5579555 DOI: 10.3390/s17081785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A practical model of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is presented, which considers both the Gaussian distribution characteristic of mass sensitivity and the influence of electrodes on the mass sensitivity. The equivalent mass sensitivity of 5 MHz and 10 MHz AT-cut QCMs with different sized electrodes were calculated according to this practical model. The equivalent mass sensitivity of this practical model is different from the Sauerbrey’s mass sensitivity, and the error between them increases sharply as the electrode radius decreases. A series of experiments which plate rigid gold film onto QCMs were carried out and the experimental results proved this practical model is more valid and correct rather than the classical Sauerbrey equation. The practical model based on the equivalent mass sensitivity is convenient and accurate in actual measurements.
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Huang X, Bai Q, Zhou Q, Hu J. The Resistance-Amplitude-Frequency Effect of In-Liquid Quartz Crystal Microbalance. SENSORS 2017. [PMID: 28640210 PMCID: PMC5539828 DOI: 10.3390/s17071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the influence of liquid load, the equivalent resistance of in-liquid quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) increases sharply, and the quality factor and resonant frequency decreases. We found that the change in the resonant frequency of in-liquid QCM consisted of two parts: besides the frequency changes due to the mass and viscous load (which could be equivalent to motional inductance), the second part of frequency change was caused by the increase of motional resistance. The theoretical calculation and simulation proved that the increases of QCM motional resistance may indeed cause the decreases of resonant frequency, and revealed that the existence of static capacitance was the root cause of this frequency change. The second part of frequency change (due to the increases of motional resistance) was difficult to measure accurately, and may cause great error for in-liquid QCM applications. A technical method to reduce the interference caused by this effect is presented. The study contributes to the accurate determination of the frequency and amplitude change of in-liquid QCM caused by liquid load, which is significant for the QCM applications in the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhe Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Qingsong Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Jianguo Hu
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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Paolesse R, Nardis S, Monti D, Stefanelli M, Di Natale C. Porphyrinoids for Chemical Sensor Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2517-2583. [PMID: 28222604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been intensively exploited as sensing materials in chemical sensors, since in these devices they mimic most of their biological functions, such as reversible binding, catalytic activation, and optical changes. Such a magnificent bouquet of properties allows applying porphyrin derivatives to different transducers, ranging from nanogravimetric to optical devices, also enabling the realization of multifunctional chemical sensors, in which multiple transduction mechanisms are applied to the same sensing layer. Potential applications are further expanded through sensor arrays, where cross-selective sensing layers can be applied for the analysis of complex chemical matrices. The possibility of finely tuning the macrocycle properties by synthetic modification of the different components of the porphyrin ring, such as peripheral substituents, molecular skeleton, coordinated metal, allows creating a vast library of porphyrinoid-based sensing layers. From among these, one can select optimal arrays for a particular application. This feature is particularly suitable for sensor array applications, where cross-selective receptors are required. This Review briefly describes chemical sensor principles. The main part of the Review is divided into two sections, describing the porphyrin-based devices devoted to the detection of gaseous or liquid samples, according to the corresponding transduction mechanism. Although most devices are based on porphyrin derivatives, seminal examples of the application of corroles or other porphyrin analogues are evidenced in dedicated sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Monti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Selyanchyn R, Wakamatsu S, Hayashi K, Lee SW. A Nano-Thin Film-Based Prototype QCM Sensor Array for Monitoring Human Breath and Respiratory Patterns. SENSORS 2015; 15:18834-50. [PMID: 26263994 PMCID: PMC4570348 DOI: 10.3390/s150818834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor array was developed for multi-purpose human respiration assessment. The sensor system was designed to provide feedback for human respiration. Thorough optimization of measurement conditions: air flow, temperature in the QCM chamber, frequency measurement rate, and electrode position regarding to the gas flow—was performed. As shown, acquisition of respiratory parameters (rate and respiratory pattern) could be achieved even with a single electrode used in the system. The prototype system contains eight available QCM channels that can be potentially used for selective responses to certain breath chemicals. At present, the prototype machine is ready for the assessment of respiratory functions in larger populations in order to gain statistical validation. To the best of our knowledge, the developed prototype is the only respiratory assessment system based on surface modified QCM sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Selyanchyn
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan.
- WPI International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Shunichi Wakamatsu
- Chitose Technical Center, Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co. Ltd., 1-3-1, Minami-Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0009, Japan.
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan.
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Respiratory monitoring by a field ionization sensor based on Trichel pulses. SENSORS 2014; 14:10381-94. [PMID: 24926694 PMCID: PMC4118392 DOI: 10.3390/s140610381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel method for respiratory monitoring is presented. The method is based on Trichel pulses (TPs) using a simple field ionization sensor which consists of a needle electrode and a plate electrode. Experiments have been conducted to demonstrate that different respiratory patterns, including normal, ultra-fast, deep breaths, and apnea could be easily monitored in real time by detecting the changes in the TP frequency. The vital capacity could also be assessed by calculating the variation of TP frequency. It is found that the operation principle of the proposed sensor is based on the effects of breath airflow and the atomized water in exhaled air on the TP frequency by changing the ionization process and the dynamics of charged particles in the short gap. The influences of applied voltage and ambient parameters have also been investigated.
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Ishihara S, Labuta J, Van Rossom W, Ishikawa D, Minami K, Hill JP, Ariga K. Porphyrin-based sensor nanoarchitectonics in diverse physical detection modes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:9713-46. [PMID: 24562603 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related families of molecules are important organic modules as has been reflected in the award of the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry in 1915, 1930, 1961, 1962, 1965, and 1988 for work on porphyrin-related biological functionalities. The porphyrin core can be synthetically modified by introduction of various functional groups and other elements, allowing creation of numerous types of porphyrin derivatives. This feature makes porphyrins extremely useful molecules especially in combination with their other interesting photonic, electronic and magnetic properties, which in turn is reflected in their diverse signal input-output functionalities based on interactions with other molecules and external stimuli. Therefore, porphyrins and related macrocycles play a preeminent role in sensing applications involving chromophores. In this review, we discuss recent developments in porphyrin-based sensing applications in conjunction with the new advanced concept of nanoarchitectonics, which creates functional nanostructures based on a profound understanding of mutual interactions between the individual nanostructures and their arbitrary arrangements. Following a brief explanation of the basics of porphyrin chemistry and physics, recent examples in the corresponding fields are discussed according to a classification based on physical modes of detection including optical detection (absorption/photoluminescence spectroscopy and energy and electron transfer processes), other spectral modes (circular dichroism, plasmon and nuclear magnetic resonance), electronic and electrochemical modes, and other sensing modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ishihara
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.
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Polreichova M, Latif U, Dickert FL. Functionalized Polymers as Receptors for Detection of Cells. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mass sensitive sensors were applied for fast and label-free detection of bio-analytes. Robust and miniaturized sensor devices were fabricated by combining bio-mimetic imprinted surfaces with quartz crystal microbalances for the analysis of yeast and bacteria cells. These sensors allow us to differentiate between different growing stages of yeast cells. Moreover, the viability of cells was detected by structuring quartz crystal microbalance electrodes like a grid. Artificial yeast cells were produced to pattern the recognition layer, giving reversible enrichment of the respective bio-analytes. This approach was followed to ensure the reproducibility of the identical sensitive material in each case, because the properties of each cell depend on its growth stage, which varies over time. The strategy was further applied to develop a sensitive system for Escherichia coli. Structuring of these materials by soft lithography allows differentiation between cell strains, e.g. E. coli (strain W & B) with a five-fold selectivity.
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