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Morawska K, Wardak C. Application of ionic liquids in ion-selective electrodes and reference electrodes: A review. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300818. [PMID: 38252078 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic chemical compounds that are composed only of ions, a large organic cation and a smaller inorganic or organic anion. These are salts whose melting point is lower than the boiling point of water. ILs have many interesting properties, thanks to which they find great practical applications in analytics, electrochemistry, separation techniques, catalysis and others. One of the many areas of application of ionic liquids is sensors especially electrochemical sensors including ion-selective electrodes. In this case, the properties of ILs that are particularly useful include very good electrical conductivity, high electrochemical stability, good extraction properties, hydrophobic character and compatibility with other materials, e. g. polyvinyl chloride plasticizers or carbon nanomaterials. ILs were used as components of ion-selective membranes, both polymeric ones based on PVC and membranes in carbon paste electrodes. ILs performed various functions in these membranes, including lipophilic ionic additive, ionophore/ion exchanger, plasticizer, transducer media and matrix. They were also used as a component of the intermediate layer in solid contact ISEs. The last chapter presents examples of the use of ILs in reference electrodes. This review discusses the use of ionic liquids in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and reference electrodes over the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Morawska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Cecylia Wardak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
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Santos IDSD, Bao SX, Musah BI. Metakaolin-based geopolymer for mercury removal from model wastewater. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10779. [PMID: 36038501 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is recognized as a serious hazard, nature bioaccumulative and persistent to the environment. Developing a low-cost, effective, eco-friendly adsorbent for removing mercury constitutes an urgent task. In this study, metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) was synthesized and applied to remove mercury from model wastewater by adsorption. The samples were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). They confirmed the synthesis of geopolymer due to the mass loss (LOI), crystallinity, peak changes, increase in surface area, and pore size. The highest removal efficiency recorded was 65.1%, with a corresponding adsorption capacity of 38.1 mg/g for MKG in 50 mg of dosage, 50 mg/L initial concentration, at a temperature of 25°C, contact time of 5 h and optimal pH of 3. The kinetic studies showed that mercury removal increased with the contact time until equilibrium after an hour. The adsorption equilibrium data were best described by Freundlich, whereas the pseudo-second-order model best fitted the adsorption kinetics. This may be indicative that chemisorption controlled the adsorption process. The stability studies of MKG adsorbent within the four reagents revealed that MKG has good stability in water, followed by 10% HCl, 3M NaCl, and 5% NaOH. In contrast, the desorption revealed the MKG represented the highest desorption efficiency in 10% HCl, followed by 3M NaCl, deionized water and 5% NaOH, respectively. The highest desorption efficiency was 96.83% for 10% HCl, followed by 91.83% for 3M NaCl, 82.55% for H2O, and 50.72% for 5% NaOH. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A low-cost metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) was synthesized and applied as an adsorbent for removing Hg(II). The most dominant mechanism involved in the removal process of Hg(II) was chemisorption. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained in this study was 38.1 mg/g. Hg(II) removal is influenced by pH zeta potential and temperature. MKG shows good potential for the effective removal of mercury from modeled wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shen Xu Bao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan, China
| | - Baba Imoro Musah
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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El-Raheem HA, Hassan RYA, Khaled R, Farghali A, El-Sherbiny IM. New sensing platform of poly(ester-urethane)urea doped with gold nanoparticles for rapid detection of mercury ions in fish tissue. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31845-31854. [PMID: 35496891 PMCID: PMC9041571 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new electrochemical sensor has been fabricated based on the in situ synthesis of poly(ester-urethane) urea (PUU) doped with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and the obtained composite materials (PUU/AuNPs) were used as a new sensing platform for highly sensitive and selective detection of mercury(II) ions in fish tissue. PUU was synthesized and fully characterized by XRD, TGA, DSC, and FTIR to analyze the chemical structure, thermal stability, and morphological properties. As a polymeric structure, the PUU consists of urethane and urea groups that possess pronounced binding abilities to Hg2+ ions. SEM-EDX was carried out to confirm this kind of interaction. Using ferricyanide as the redox probe, PUU alone exhibited weak electrochemical signals due to its low electrical conductivity. Therefore, a new series of nanocomposites of PUU with different nanostructured materials were applied, and their electrochemical performances were evaluated. Among these materials, the PUU/AuNP-modified electrode showed high voltammetric signals towards Hg2+. Consequently, the parameters affecting the performance of the assay, such as electrode composition, scan rate, and sensing time, as well as the effect of electrolyte and pH were studied and optimized. The sensor showed a linear range of 5 ng mL-1 to 155 ng mL-1 with the regression coefficient R 2 = 0.986, while the calculated values of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.235 ng mL-1 and 0.710 ng mL-1, respectively. In terms of cross reactivity testing, the sensor exhibited a high selectivity against heavy metals which are commonly determined in seafood (Cd2+, Pb2+, As3+, Cr3+, Mg2+, and Cu2+). For real applications, total Hg2+ ions in fish tissue were determined with very high recovery and no prior complicated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Abd El-Raheem
- Center of Materials Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology October Gardens, 6th of October City 12578 Giza Egypt
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Rabeay Y A Hassan
- Center of Materials Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology October Gardens, 6th of October City 12578 Giza Egypt
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC) Dokki 12622 Giza Egypt
| | - Rehab Khaled
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Ahmed Farghali
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Center of Materials Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology October Gardens, 6th of October City 12578 Giza Egypt
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Akanda MR, Bibi A, Aziz MA. Recent Advances in the Use of Biomass‐Derived Activated Carbon as an Electrode Material for Electroanalysis. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aisha Bibi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Md. Abdul Aziz
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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Alharthi SS, Fallatah AM, Al-Saidi HM. Design and Characterization of Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Mercury(II) Ion in Real Samples Based upon a New Schiff Base Derivative as an Ionophore. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3020. [PMID: 33923078 PMCID: PMC8123339 DOI: 10.3390/s21093020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present paper provides a description of the design, characterization, and use of a Hg2+ selective electrode (Hg2+-SE) for the determination of Hg2+ at ultra-traces levels in a variety of real samples. The ionophore in the proposed electrode is a new Schiff base, namely 4-bromo-2-[(4-methoxyphenylimino)methyl]phenol (BMPMP). All factors affecting electrode response including polymeric membrane composition, concentration of internal solution, pH sample solution, and response time were optimized. The optimum response of our electrode was obtained with the following polymeric membrane composition (% w/w): PVC, 32; o-NPOE, 64.5; BMPMP, 2 and NaTPB, 1.5. The potentiometric response of Hg2+-SE towards Hg2+ ion was linear in the wide range of concentrations (9.33 × 10-8-3.98 × 10-3 molL-1), while, the limit of detection of the proposed electrode was 3.98 × 10-8 molL-1 (8.00 μg L-1). The Hg2+-SE responds quickly to Hg2+ ions as the response time of less than 10 s. On the other hand, the slope value obtained for the developed electrode was 29.74 ± 0.1 mV/decade in the pH range of 2.0-9.0 in good agreement with the Nernstian response (29.50 mV/decade). The Hg2+-SE has relatively less interference with other metal ions. The Hg2+-SE was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titrations to estimate Hg2+ ions in waters, compact fluorescent lamp, and dental amalgam alloy and the accuracy of the developed electrode was compared with ICP-OES measurement values. Moreover, the new Schiff base (BMPMP) was synthesized and characterized using ATR-FTIR, elemental analysis, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The PVC membranes containing BMPMP as an ionophore unloaded and loaded with Hg(II) are reported by scanning electron microscope images (SEM) along with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman S. Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. Fallatah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamed M. Al-Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al–Jamoum, Umm Al–Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
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Date Y, Masaki H, Aota A, Sasaki K, Namiki Y, Glass TR, Ohmura N. Simplified Mercury Extraction from Coal Fly Ash for Quantification of Total Mercury by ELISA-based Immunoassay. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:453-457. [PMID: 31839662 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simplified two-step mercury extraction procedure enabled the selective and reproducible mercury recovery from actual coal fly ash (CFA). The optimized extraction procedure involving conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based immunoassay allowed the ultra-sensitive quantification of total mercury content in CFA. The total mercury content of 41 CFA samples were successfully determined using the above-mentioned method, and the results were in agreement with those obtained by standard instrumental analysis (thermal decomposition atomic absorption spectrometry) within a 15% coefficient of variation. Our method for total mercury quantification is not only simple but suitable for management of the mercury content at coal-fired electric power plants and landfill sites, which deal with large amounts of waste CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumoto Date
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
| | - Hiroyuki Masaki
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
| | - Arata Aota
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
| | - Kazuhiro Sasaki
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
| | | | | | - Naoya Ohmura
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
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Determination of total mercury in seafood by ion-selective electrodes based on a thiol functionalized ionic liquid. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:670-677. [PMID: 29567237 PMCID: PMC9322219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A mercury(II) ion-selective electrode with an ionic liquid (IL), 1-methyl-2-butylthioimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide ([C1C4Sim]NTf2) as active material was constructed. Parameters affecting the performance of the electrodes such as the dosages of the IL and carbon nanotubes and the aqueous pH values were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the optimal composition of the electrode filling material was 47.6% [C1C4Sim]NTf2, 47.6% tetrabutylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide (TBPNTf2) and 4.8% carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH). Under the selected conditions, the proposed electrodes showed a good linear response in the concentration range of 10−10–10−5 mol L−1 and had a detection limit of 4.1 × 10−11 mol L−1. No great interference from common metal ions was found. The proposed electrodes were applied to determine Hg2+ in seafood samples; the results were comparable to those of the direct mercury analyzer.
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Al-Bagawi AH, Ahmad W, Saigl ZM, Alwael H, Al-Harbi EA, El-Shahawi MS. A simple and low cost dual-wavelength β-correction spectrophotometric determination and speciation of mercury(II) in water using chromogenic reagent 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 187:174-180. [PMID: 28686919 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The most common problems in spectrophotometric determination of various complex species originate from the background spectral interference. Thus, the present study aimed to overcome the spectral matrix interference for the precise analysis and speciation of mercury(II) in water by dual-wavelength β-correction spectrophotometry using 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol (TAR) as chromogenic reagent. The principle was based on measuring the correct absorbance for the formed complex of mercury(II) ions with TAR reagent at 547nm (lambda max). Under optimized conditions, a linear dynamic range of 0.1-2.0μgmL-1 with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.997 were obtained with lower limits of detection (LOD) of 0.024μgmL-1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.081μgmL-1. The values of RSD and relative error (RE) obtained for β-correction method and single wavelength spectrophotometry were 1.3, 1.32% and 4.7, 5.9%, respectively. The method was validated in tap and sea water in terms of the data obtained from inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) using student's t and F tests. The developed methodology satisfactorily overcomes the spectral interference in trace determination and speciation of mercury(II) ions in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Al-Bagawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Z M Saigl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Alwael
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - E A Al-Harbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Minawara, Saudi Arabia
| | - M S El-Shahawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Determination of copper(II) ion in food using an ionic liquids-carbon nanotubes-based ion-selective electrode. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Turull M, Elias G, Fontàs C, Díez S. Exploring new DGT samplers containing a polymer inclusion membrane for mercury monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10919-10928. [PMID: 27189449 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) made of cellulose triacetate as a polymer and the task specific ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium thiosalicylate (TOMATS) was assembled as a new Diffusive Gradients in Thin film (DGT) device to test its efficiency as a binding phase for mercury (Hg) monitoring. The effect of IL content was assessed, showing that higher TOMATS percentage is better for short deployment studies (up to hours), whereas for long-term exposure (up to days), a lower content can be more suitable. Different configurations of PIM-DGT samplers have been tested under controlled conditions and compared with in-house DGT conventional ones, manufactured with thiol groups as resin layer, for the determination of labile Hg. According to our results, a nonlinear accumulation profile of Hg with deployment time for the different designs of PIM-DGT was observed, limiting the range of applicability of the DGT technique. Promising results for the efficient removal of Hg from aqueous solutions and/or environmental monitoring studies were obtained with TOMATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Turull
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Elias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fontàs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Sergi Díez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Maarof HI, Daud WMAW, Aroua MK. Recent trends in removal and recovery of heavy metals from wastewater by electrochemical technologies. REV CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHeavy metal-laden water and wastewater pose a threat to biodiversity, including human health. Contaminated wastewater can be treated with several separation and purification methods. Among them, electrochemical treatment is a notable clean technology, versatile and environmentally compatible for the removal and recovery of inorganic pollutants from water and wastewater. Electrochemical technology provides solution for the recovery of metals in their most valuable state. This paper analyses the most recent electrochemical approaches for the removal and recovery of metal ions. Various current works involving cell design and electrode development were addressed in distinguished electrochemical processes, namely, electrodeposition, electrocoagulation, electroflotation, and electrosorption. Cathodic reduction of metal ions has been proven in result to metal deposit on the metal, metal oxide, stainless steel, and graphite electrode. However, little progress has been made toward electrode modification, particularly the cathode for the purpose of cathodic reduction and deposition. Meanwhile, emerging advanced materials, such as ionic liquids, have been presented to be prominent to the technological advancement of electrode modifications. It has been projected that by integrating different priorities into the design approach for electrochemical reactors and recent electrode developments, several insights can be obtained that will contribute toward the enhancement of the electrochemical process performance for the effective removal and recovery of heavy metals from water and wastewater in the near future.
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MUGINOVA SV, MYASNIKOVA DA, KAZARIAN SG, SHEKHOVTSOVA TN. Applications of Ionic Liquids for the Development of Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:261-274. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. MUGINOVA
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University
| | - Dina A. MYASNIKOVA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | - Sergei G. KAZARIAN
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus
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Development of Ionic Liquid Modified Disposable Graphite Electrodes for Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization Related to Microcystis spp. SENSORS 2015; 15:22737-49. [PMID: 26371004 PMCID: PMC4610473 DOI: 10.3390/s150922737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this present study, ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL)) modified pencil graphite electrode (IL-PGEs) was developed for electrochemical monitoring of DNA hybridization related to Microcystis spp. (MYC). The characterization of IL-PGEs was performed using microscopic and electrochemical techniques. DNA hybridization related to MYC was then explored at the surface of IL-PGEs using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. After the experimental parameters were optimized, the sequence-selective DNA hybridization related to MYC was performed in the case of hybridization between MYC probe and its complementary DNA target, noncomplementary (NC) or mismatched DNA sequence (MM), or and in the presence of mixture of DNA target: NC (1:1) and DNA target: MM (1:1).
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