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Yuan Y, Yang T, Chen X, Yu L, Hou X, Zhang G, Dong W, Lu Z, Li H, Reindl L, Luo W. Analysis of the acoustoelectric response of SAW gas sensors using a COM model. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:69. [PMID: 38799402 PMCID: PMC11126560 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors based on the acoustoelectric effect exhibit wide application prospects for in situ gas detection. However, establishing accurate models for calculating the scattering parameters of SAW gas sensors remains a challenge. Here, we present a coupling of modes (COM) model that includes the acoustoelectric effect and specifically explains the nonmonotonic variation in the center frequency with respect to the sensing film's sheet conductivity. Several sensing parameters of the gas sensors, including the center frequency, insertion loss, and phase, were experimentally compared for accuracy and practicality. Finally, the frequency of the phase extremum (FPE) shift was determined to vary monotonically, and the range of selectable test points was wide, making the FPE an appropriate response parameter for leveraging in SAW gas sensors. The simulation results of the COM model were highly consistent with the experimental results. Our study is proposed to provide theoretical guidance for the future development of gas SAW sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linglang Yu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hou
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangzu Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Dong
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Lu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglang Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leonhard Reindl
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, 518057 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Liu X, Shen B, Jiang L, Yang H, Jin C, Zhou T. Study on SAW Methane Sensor Based on Cryptophane-A Composite Film. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14020266. [PMID: 36837966 PMCID: PMC9964867 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) methane-sensing technology is a new way to detect methane at room temperature. However, the material and structure of the sensitive film are the important factors affecting the detection performance of the sensor. In this paper-with a SAW methane sensor using graphene-nickel cavitation-a composite film is proposed, which can work at room temperature. A delay linear dual-channel differential oscillator with center frequency of 204.3 MHz and insertion loss of -5.658 dB was designed; Cryptophane-A material was prepared by the "three-step method". The composite sensitive film was synthesized by a drop coating method, electrochemical deposition method and electroplating method. The composite film was characterized by SEM. The sensor performance test system and gas sensitivity test system were constructed to determine the response performance of the sensor at concentrations of 0~5% CH4. The results showed that the sensor had a good response recovery performance in the test concentration range, and the frequency offset was positively correlated with methane concentration. The 90% average response time and recovery times were 41.2 s and 57 s, respectively. The sensor sensitivity was 809.4 ± 6.93 Hz/(1% CH4). This study provides a good theoretical basis for the development of surface acoustic-wave methane sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Shen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-0484-3385
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Constantinoiu I, Viespe C. ZnO Metal Oxide Semiconductor in Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185118. [PMID: 32911800 PMCID: PMC7570870 DOI: 10.3390/s20185118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors are of continuous development interest to researchers due to their sensitivity, short detection time, and reliability. Among the most used materials to achieve the sensitive film of SAW sensors are metal oxide semiconductors, which are highlighted by thermal and chemical stability, by the presence on their surface of free electrons and also by the possibility of being used in different morphologies. For different types of gases, certain metal oxide semiconductors are used, and ZnO is an important representative for this category of materials in the field of sensors. Having a great potential for the development of SAW sensors, the discussion related to the development of the sensitivity of metal oxide semiconductors, especially ZnO, by the synthesis method or by obtaining new materials, is suitable and necessary to have an overview of the latest results in this domain.
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Wang W, Liu X, Mei S, Liu M, Lu C, Lu M. Development of a High Stability Pd-Ni Alloy Thin-Film Coated SAW Device for Sensing Hydrogen. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163560. [PMID: 31443271 PMCID: PMC6721225 DOI: 10.3390/s19163560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Pd-Ni alloy thin-film coated surface acoustic wave (SAW) device is proposed for sensing hydrogen. The Pd-Ni thin-film was sputtered onto the SAW propagation path of a SAW device with a delay line pattern to build the chip-sized hydrogen sensor. The prepared sensor chip was characterized by employing a differential oscillation loop. The effect of the Pd-Ni film thickness on sensing performance was also evaluated, and optimal parameters were determined, allowing for fast response and high sensitivity. Excellent working stability (detection error of 3.7% in half a year), high sensitivity (21.3 kHz/%), and fast response (less than 10 s) were achieved from the 40 nm Pd-Ni alloy thin-film coated sensing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Destructive Testing Ministry of Education, Nanchang HangKong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xueli Liu
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengchao Mei
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengwei Liu
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Non-Destructive Testing Ministry of Education, Nanchang HangKong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Minghui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Non-Destructive Testing Ministry of Education, Nanchang HangKong University, Nanchang 330063, China
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Yan D, Yang Y, Hong Y, Liang T, Yao Z, Chen X, Xiong J. AlN-Based Ceramic Patch Antenna-Type Wireless Passive High-Temperature Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8100301. [PMID: 30400491 PMCID: PMC6190435 DOI: 10.3390/mi8100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An aluminum nitride (AlN) based patch antenna-type high-temperature wireless passive sensor is reported to operate as both a sensor and an antenna, which integrates in situ measurement/sensing with remote wireless communication at the same time. The sensor is small, easy to manufacture, highly sensitive and has a high operating temperature; it can be used in high-temperature, chemically corrosive and other harsh environments. The sensing mechanism of the sensor, the dielectric constant of the AlN ceramic substrate, increases with rising temperature, which reduces the resonant frequency of the sensor. Thus, the temperature can be measured by detecting changes in the sensor’s resonant frequency. High-Frequency Simulation Structure (HFSS) software is used to determine the structure and size of the sensor, which is then fabricated using thick-film technology. The substrate of the sensor is AlN ceramic due to its outstanding thermal resistance at high temperature; and its conductors (the radiation patch and the ground under the substrate) are silver-palladium alloy sintered form silver–palladium paste. A vector network analyzer reveals that the sensor’s operating range extends to 700 °C. Furthermore, its resonant frequency decreases from 2.20 GHz to 2.13 GHz with increasing temperature from room temperature (25 °C) to 700 °C, with an absolute sensitivity of 104.77 KHz/°C. Our work verifies the feasibility of measuring high temperatures using AlN-based patch antenna wireless passive temperature sensors, and provides a new material and temperature sensitive structure for high-temperature measurement in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- Taiyuan Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Corporation, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Yingping Hong
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Zong Yao
- North Automatic Control Technology Research Institute, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Jijun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
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