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Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microbubble Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040592. [PMID: 35457896 PMCID: PMC9026417 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microbubble resonators are ideal optical sensors due to their high quality factor, small mode volume, high optical energy density, and geometry/design/structure (i.e., hollow microfluidic channels). When used in combination with microfluidic technologies, WGM microbubble resonators can be applied in chemical and biological sensing due to strong light–matter interactions. The detection of ultra-low concentrations over a large dynamic range is possible due to their high sensitivity, which has significance for environmental monitoring and applications in life-science. Furthermore, WGM microbubble resonators have also been widely used for physical sensing, such as to detect changes in temperature, stress, pressure, flow rate, magnetic field and ultrasound. In this article, we systematically review and summarize the sensing mechanisms, fabrication and packing methods, and various applications of optofluidic WGM microbubble resonators. The challenges of rapid production and practical applications of WGM microbubble resonators are also discussed.
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Liu Q, Lu H, Bibbó L, Wang Q, Lin M, Tao K, Albin S, Ouyang Z. Hybrid plasmonic–phononic cavity design for enhanced optomechanical coupling in lithium niobate. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Frigenti G, Cavigli L, Fernández-Bienes A, Ratto F, Centi S, García-Fernández T, Nunzi Conti G, Soria S. Microbubble Resonators for All-Optical Photoacoustics of Flowing Contrast Agents. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1696. [PMID: 32197416 PMCID: PMC7175143 DOI: 10.3390/s20061696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we implement a Whispering Gallery mode microbubble resonator (MBR) as an optical transducer to detect the photoacoustic (PA) signal generated by plasmonic nanoparticles. We simulate a flow cytometry experiment by letting the nanoparticles run through the MBR during measurements and we estimate PA intensity by a Fourier analysis of the read-out signal. This method exploits the peaks associated with the MBR mechanical eigenmodes, allowing the PA response of the nanoparticles to be decoupled from the noise associated with the particle flow whilst also increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The photostability curve of a known contrast agent is correctly reconstructed, validating the proposed analysis and proving quantitative PA detection. The experiment was run to demonstrate the feasible implementation of the MBR system in a flow cytometry application (e.g., the detection of venous thrombi or circulating tumor cells), particularly regarding wearable appliances. Indeed, these devices could also benefit from other MBR features, such as the extreme compactness, the direct implementation in a microfluidic circuit, and the absence of impedance-matching material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Frigenti
- Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Compendio del Viminale, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (G.N.C.)
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (L.C.); (F.R.); (S.C.)
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopia Nonlineare (LENS)—Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Lucia Cavigli
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (L.C.); (F.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Alberto Fernández-Bienes
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Fulvio Ratto
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (L.C.); (F.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Sonia Centi
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (L.C.); (F.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Tupak García-Fernández
- Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), Prolongación San Isidro 151, Col. San Lorenzo Tezonco, México D.F. C.P. 09790, Mexico;
| | - Gualtiero Nunzi Conti
- Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Compendio del Viminale, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (G.N.C.)
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (L.C.); (F.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Soria
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (L.C.); (F.R.); (S.C.)
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Zhi Y, Yu XC, Chen HJ, Guan BO, Xiao YF. Noise suppression of mechanical oscillations in a microcavity for ultrasensitive detection. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2426-2429. [PMID: 31090698 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have been widely applied as sensitive detectors due to ultrahigh quality factors and small mode volumes. Besides considering the optical mode as the sensing signal, the optomechanical oscillations induced by the optical spring effect also perform as an elegant sensing signal. However, the minimal size of a detectable analyte is limited by the relatively weak light-matter interaction compared to the experimental noises. To improve the detection limit, many methods have been developed to either enhance device sensitivities or suppress experimental noises. In this work, we present a way to lower the detection limit by suppressing experimental noises of the mechanical frequency by 3 orders of magnitude. Utilizing a fiber tip as a benchmark analyte attaching onto the cavity, the mechanical frequency shift reflects the changes of the optical mode detuning of the cavity, predicting an effective tool for ultrasensitive detection.
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