1
|
Keresten V, Lazarev F, Mikhelson K. Transfer of Sodium Ion across Interface between Na +-Selective Electrode Membrane and Aqueous Electrolyte Solution: Can We Use Nernst Equation If Current Flows through Electrode? MEMBRANES 2024; 14:74. [PMID: 38668102 PMCID: PMC11052482 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance and chronopotentiometric measurements with Na+-selective solvent polymeric (PVC) membranes containing a neutral ionophore and a cation exchanger revealed low-frequency resistance, which is ascribed to Na+ ion transfer across the interface between the membrane and aqueous solution. The attribution is based on the observed regular dependence of this resistance on the concentration of Na+ in solutions. The respective values of the exchange current densities were found to be significantly larger than the currents flowing through ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) during an analysis in non-zero-current mode. This fact suggests that the interfacial electrochemical equilibrium is not violated by the current flow and implies that the Nernst equation can be applied to interpret the data obtained in non-zero-current mode, e.g., constant potential coulometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantin Mikhelson
- Chemistry Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 26 Universiteskij Pr., Stary Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Darestani-Farahani M, Ma F, Patel V, Selvaganapathy PR, Kruse P. An ion-selective chemiresistive platform as demonstrated for the detection of nitrogen species in water. Analyst 2023; 148:5731-5744. [PMID: 37840463 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of ion-selective electrodes (ISE) is a well-established technique for the detection of ions in aqueous solutions but requires the use of a reference electrode. Here, we introduce a platform of ion-selective chemiresistors for the detection of nitrogen species in water as an alternative method without the need for reference electrodes. Chemiresistors have a sensitive surface that is prone to damage during operation in aqueous solutions. By applying a layer of ion-selective membrane to the surface of the chemiresistive device, the surface becomes protected and highly selective. We demonstrate both anion-selective (NO3-, NO2-) and cation-selective (NH4+) membranes. The nitrate sensors are able to measure nitrate ions in a range of 2.2-220 ppm with a detection limit of 0.3 ppm. The nitrite sensors respond between 67 ppb and 67 ppm of nitrite ions (64 ppb detection limit). The ammonium sensors can measure ammonium concentrations in a wide range from 10 ppb to 100 ppm (0.5 ppb detection limit). The fast responses to nitrate and nitrite are due to a mechanism involving electrostatic gating repulsion between negative charge carriers of the film and anions while ammonium detection arises from two mechanisms based on electrostatic gating repulsion and adsorption of ammonium ions at the surface of the p-doped chemiresistive film. The adsorption phenomenon slows down the recovery time of the ammonium sensor. This sensor design is a new platform to continuously monitor ions in industrial, domestic, and environmental water resources by robust chemiresistive devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darestani-Farahani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Fanqing Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Vinay Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | | | - Peter Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wardak C, Morawska K, Pietrzak K. New Materials Used for the Development of Anion-Selective Electrodes-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5779. [PMID: 37687472 PMCID: PMC10488487 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion-selective electrodes are a popular analytical tool useful in the analysis of cations and anions in environmental, industrial and clinical samples. This paper presents an overview of new materials used for the preparation of anion-sensitive ion-selective electrodes during the last five years. Design variants of anion-sensitive electrodes, their advantages and disadvantages as well as research methods used to assess their parameters and analytical usefulness are presented. The work is divided into chapters according to the type of ion to which the electrode is selective. Characteristics of new ionophores used as the electroactive component of ion-sensitive membranes and other materials used to achieve improvement of sensor performance (e.g., nanomaterials, composite and hybrid materials) are presented. Analytical parameters of the electrodes presented in the paper are collected in tables, which allows for easy comparison of different variants of electrodes sensitive to the same ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecylia Wardak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Morawska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Pietrzak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keresten V, Mikhelson K. Voltammetric Ion Sensing with Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes Containing Internal Aqueous Solution, Improving Lifetime of Sensors. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1048. [PMID: 36363603 PMCID: PMC9699433 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of voltammetric ion sensing is demonstrated, for the first time, for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) containing an internal aqueous solution. ISEs selective to calcium, lithium and potassium ions are used as model systems. The internal solution of the ISEs contains a chloride salt of the respective cation and a ferrocenemethanol or ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox couple. A platinum wire is used as the internal reference electrode. It is shown, theoretically and experimentally, that the dependence of oxidation and reduction peak potentials on the sample composition obeys the Nernst law, while the peak currents virtually do not depend on the sample composition. Thus, the electrode behavior is similar to that reported by Bakker's group for solid contact ISEs with ultra-thin membranes (200-300 nm). It is shown that the use of classical ISEs with relatively thick membranes (100-300 µm) and internal aqueous solution allows for the sensor lifetime of about one month. It is also shown that use of a suitable background electrolyte allows for improvement of the detection limits in voltammetric measurements with ISEs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bondar AV, Keresten VM, Mikhelson KN. Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes in Non-Zero Current Modes: Mechanistic Studies and the Possibilities of the Analytical Application. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This mini review briefly describes (i) literature data on the non-zero current measurements with ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) aimed at fundamental studies of the mechanism of their potentiometric response, and (ii) the data on the possibilities of analytical applications of ISEs in voltametric and constant potential chronoamperometric/coulometric modes, in particular the K+ ion assay in blood serum with the sensitivity of 0.1%. A special attention is paid to the basics of voltammetry and chronoamperometry/coulometry with the ionophore-based ISEs, and to how and why these methods differ from the classical voltammetry and coulometry.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bondar A, Mikhelson K. Constant Potential Coulometric Measurements with Ca 2+-Selective Electrode: Analysis Using Calibration Plot vs. Analysis Using the Charge Curve Fitting. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22031145. [PMID: 35161889 PMCID: PMC8838552 DOI: 10.3390/s22031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of analysis using charge curve fitting in constant potential coulometric mode instead of using a calibration plot is explored, for the first time. The results are compared with the analysis based on the use of a calibration plot. A Ca2+ ion-selective electrode, with and without an electronic capacitor in series, is used as a model system in pure solutions of CaCl2. Both techniques delivered good results (error within 2%) when the final and the initial concentration values differed by not more than three times. Larger differences result in 10-25% error. The presence of an electronic capacitor in the measurement circuit and in series with the electrode, allows for significantly faster response.
Collapse
|
7
|
Keresten V, Solovyeva E, Mikhelson K. The Origin of the Non-Constancy of the Bulk Resistance of Ion-Selective Electrode Membranes within the Nernstian Response Range. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11050344. [PMID: 34067145 PMCID: PMC8150337 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of the bulk resistance of membranes of ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) on the composition of mixed electrolyte solutions, within the range of the Nernstian potentiometric response, is studied by chronopotentiometric and impedance measurements. In parallel to the resistance, water uptake by the membranes is also studied gravimetrically. The similarity of the respective curves is registered and explained in terms of heterogeneity of the membranes due to the presence of dispersed aqueous phase (water droplets). It is concluded that the electrochemical equilibrium is established between aqueous solution and the continuous organic phase, while the resistance refers to the membrane as whole, and water droplets hamper the charge transfer across the membranes. In this way, it is explained why the membrane bulk resistance is not constant within the range of the Nernstian potentiometric response of ISEs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Titorova V, Mareev S, Gorobchenko A, Gil V, Nikonenko V, Sabbatovskii K, Pismenskaya N. Effect of current-induced coion transfer on the shape of chronopotentiograms of cation-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.119036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kalinichev AV, Solovyeva EV, Ivanova AR, Khripoun GA, Mikhelson KN. Non-constancy of the bulk resistance of ionophore-based Cd2+-selective electrode: A correlation with the water uptake by the electrode membrane. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
Kondratyeva YO, Solovyeva EV, Khripoun GA, Mikhelson KN. Paradox of the Variation of the Bulk Resistance of Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode Membranes within Nernstian Potentiometric Response Range. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Fusion of Spectroscopy and Cobalt Electrochemistry Data for Estimating Phosphate Concentration in Hydroponic Solution. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112596. [PMID: 31181613 PMCID: PMC6603718 DOI: 10.3390/s19112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate is a key element affecting plant growth. Therefore, the accurate determination of phosphate concentration in hydroponic nutrient solutions is essential for providing a balanced set of nutrients to plants within a suitable range. This study aimed to develop a data fusion approach for determining phosphate concentrations in a paprika nutrient solution. As a conventional multivariate analysis approach using spectral data, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal components regression (PCR) models were developed using 56 samples for calibration and 24 samples for evaluation. The R2 values of estimation models using PCR and PLSR ranged from 0.44 to 0.64. Furthermore, an estimation model using raw electromotive force (EMF) data from cobalt electrodes gave R2 values of 0.58–0.71. To improve the model performance, a data fusion method was developed to estimate phosphate concentration using near infrared (NIR) spectral and cobalt electrochemical data. Raw EMF data from cobalt electrodes and principle component values from the spectral data were combined. Results of calibration and evaluation tests using an artificial neural network estimation model showed that R2 = 0.90 and 0.89 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 96.70 and 119.50 mg/L, respectively. These values are sufficiently high for application to measuring phosphate concentration in hydroponic solutions.
Collapse
|