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Nunes PP, Almeida MR, Pacheco FG, Fantini C, Furtado CA, Ladeira LO, Jorio A, Júnior APM, Santos RL, Borges ÁM. Detection of carbon nanotubes in bovine raw milk through Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2681-2689. [PMID: 37923204 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of carbon-based methodologies for drug delivery and reproductive biology in cows raises concerns about residues in milk and food safety. This study aimed to assess the potential of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and discriminant analysis using partial least squares (PLS-DA) to detect functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in bovine raw milk. Oxidized MWCNT were diluted in milk at different concentrations from 25.00 to 0.01 µg/mL. Raman spectroscopy measurements and PLS-DA were performed to identify low concentrations of MWCNT in milk samples. The PLS-DA model was characterized by the analysis of the variable importance in projection (VIP) scores. All the training samples were correctly classified by the model, resulting in no false-positive or false-negative classifications. For test samples, only one false-negative result was observed, for 0.01 µg/mL MWCNT dilution. The association between Raman spectroscopy and PLS-DA was able to identify MWCNT diluted in milk samples up to 0.1 µg/mL. The PLS-DA model was built and validated using a set of test samples and spectrally interpreted based on the highest VIP scores. This allowed the identification of the vibrational modes associated with the D and G bands of MWCNT, as well as the milk bands, which were the most important variables in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe P Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Almeida
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Pacheco
- Laboratory of Carbon Nanostructure Chemistry, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fantini
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Clascídia A Furtado
- Laboratory of Carbon Nanostructure Chemistry, Nuclear Technology Development Center, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz O Ladeira
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio P M Júnior
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Renato L Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Álan M Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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Deng Y, Liu L, Li J, Gao L. Sensors Based on the Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors for Chemical and Biological Analyses. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:776. [PMID: 36290914 PMCID: PMC9599861 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nano biochemical sensors play an important role in detecting the biomarkers related to human diseases, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become an important factor in promoting the vigorous development of this field due to their special structure and excellent electronic properties. This paper focuses on applying carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET) biochemical sensors to detect biomarkers. Firstly, the preparation method, physical and electronic properties and functional modification of CNTs are introduced. Then, the configuration and sensing mechanism of CNT-FETs are introduced. Finally, the latest progress in detecting nucleic acids, proteins, cells, gases and ions based on CNT-FET sensors is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Deng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Elli G, Hamed S, Petrelli M, Ibba P, Ciocca M, Lugli P, Petti L. Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensors for Environmental and Agricultural Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22114178. [PMID: 35684798 PMCID: PMC9185402 DOI: 10.3390/s22114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The precise monitoring of environmental contaminants and agricultural plant stress factors, respectively responsible for damages to our ecosystems and crop losses, has nowadays become a topic of uttermost importance. This is also highlighted by the recent introduction of the so-called "Sustainable Development Goals" of the United Nations, which aim at reducing pollutants while implementing more sustainable food production practices, leading to a reduced impact on all ecosystems. In this context, the standard methods currently used in these fields represent a sub-optimal solution, being expensive, laboratory-based techniques, and typically requiring trained personnel with high expertise. Recent advances in both biotechnology and material science have led to the emergence of new sensing (and biosensing) technologies, enabling low-cost, precise, and real-time detection. An especially interesting category of biosensors is represented by field-effect transistor-based biosensors (bio-FETs), which enable the possibility of performing in situ, continuous, selective, and sensitive measurements of a wide palette of different parameters of interest. Furthermore, bio-FETs offer the possibility of being fabricated using innovative and sustainable materials, employing various device configurations, each customized for a specific application. In the specific field of environmental and agricultural monitoring, the exploitation of these devices is particularly attractive as it paves the way to early detection and intervention strategies useful to limit, or even completely avoid negative outcomes (such as diseases to animals or ecosystems losses). This review focuses exactly on bio-FETs for environmental and agricultural monitoring, highlighting the recent and most relevant studies. First, bio-FET technology is introduced, followed by a detailed description of the the most commonly employed configurations, the available device fabrication techniques, as well as the specific materials and recognition elements. Then, examples of studies employing bio-FETs for environmental and agricultural monitoring are presented, highlighting in detail advantages and disadvantages of available examples. Finally, in the discussion, the major challenges to be overcome (e.g., short device lifetime, small sensitivity and selectivity in complex media) are critically presented. Despite the current limitations and challenges, this review clearly shows that bio-FETs are extremely promising for new and disruptive innovations in these areas and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Elli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Saleh Hamed
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Petrelli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ibba
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Manuela Ciocca
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Luisa Petti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Cho G, Azzouzi S, Zucchi G, Lebental B. Electrical and Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes for the Monitoring of Chemicals in Water-A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:218. [PMID: 35009763 PMCID: PMC8749835 DOI: 10.3390/s22010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) combine high electrical conductivity with high surface area and chemical stability, which makes them very promising for chemical sensing. While water quality monitoring has particularly strong societal and environmental impacts, a lot of critical sensing needs remain unmet by commercial technologies. In the present review, we show across 20 water monitoring analytes and 90 references that carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors, chemistors and field-effect transistors (chemFET) can meet these needs. A set of 126 additional references provide context and supporting information. After introducing water quality monitoring challenges, the general operation and fabrication principles of CNT water quality sensors are summarized. They are sorted by target analytes (pH, micronutrients and metal ions, nitrogen, hardness, dissolved oxygen, disinfectants, sulfur and miscellaneous) and compared in terms of performances (limit of detection, sensitivity and detection range) and functionalization strategies. For each analyte, the references with best performances are discussed. Overall, the most frequently investigated analytes are H+ (pH) and lead (with 18% of references each), then cadmium (14%) and nitrite (11%). Micronutrients and toxic metals cover 40% of all references. Electrochemical sensors (73%) have been more investigated than chemistors (14%) or FETs (12%). Limits of detection in the ppt range have been reached, for instance Cu(II) detection with a liquid-gated chemFET using SWCNT functionalized with peptide-enhanced polyaniline or Pb(II) detection with stripping voltammetry using MWCNT functionalized with ionic liquid-dithizone based bucky-gel. The large majority of reports address functionalized CNTs (82%) instead of pristine or carboxyl-functionalized CNTs. For analytes where comparison is possible, FET-based and electrochemical transduction yield better performances than chemistors (Cu(II), Hg(II), Ca(II), H2O2); non-functionalized CNTs may yield better performances than functionalized ones (Zn(II), pH and chlorine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gookbin Cho
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Sawsen Azzouzi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gaël Zucchi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Bérengère Lebental
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratoire Instrumentation, Simulation et Informatique Scientifique (LISIS), Département Composants et Systèmes (COSYS), Université Gustave Eiffel, 77447 Marne-La-Vallée, France
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Wang Y, Schill KM, Fry HC, Duncan TV. A Quantum Dot Nanobiosensor for Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2118-2127. [PMID: 32527082 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent toxins produced by Clostridium bacteria that are responsible for the illness botulism and are listed as bioterrorism agents. BoNT serotype E (BoNT/E) is one of four BoNT serotypes that cause human botulism and is the second most frequent cause of foodborne botulism. Rapid detection and discrimination of BoNT serotypes implicated in human disease are critical for ensuring timely treatment of patients and identifying sources of toxins, but there have been few reported detection methods for BoNT/E and even fewer methods usable for BoNT serotyping. We report a nanobiosensor based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) and dark quencher-labeled peptide probes to detect biologically active BoNT/E in aqueous media. The peptide probes contain a specific cleavage site for active BoNT/E. QD photoluminescence, which changes intensity due to FRET when the peptide probe is cleaved, was used to indicate toxin presence and quantity. The detection of a BoNT/E light chain (LcE) and holotoxin was observed within 3 h. The limits of detection were 0.02 and 2 ng/mL for LcE and holotoxin, respectively. The nanobiosensor shows good specificity toward the target in tests with nontarget BoNT serotypes. The high sensitivity, simple operation, short detection time, and ability to be used in parallel with probes developed for other BoNT serotypes indicate that the nanobiosensor will be useful for rapid BoNT/E detection and serotype discrimination in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Kristin M. Schill
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - H. Christopher Fry
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, DuPage County, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Timothy V. Duncan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
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Shao L, Wang H, Yang Y, He Y, Tang Y, Fang H, Zhao J, Xiao H, Liang K, Wei M, Xu W, Luo M, Wan Q, Hu W, Gao T, Cui Z. Optoelectronic Properties of Printed Photogating Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Transistors and Their Application for Light-Stimulated Neuromorphic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12161-12169. [PMID: 30817113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial synapses/neurons based on electronic/ionic hybrid devices have attracted wide attention for brain-inspired neuromorphic systems since it is possible to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck of the neuromorphic computing paradigm. Here, we report a novel photoneuromorphic device based on printed photogating single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin film transistors (TFTs) using lightly n-doped Si as the gate electrode. The drain currents of the printed SWCNT TFTs can gradually increase to over 3000 times of their starting value after being pulsed with light stimulation, and the electrical signals can maintain for over 10 min. These characteristics are similar to the learning and memory functions of brain-inspired neuromorphic systems. The working mechanism of the light-stimulated neuromorphic devices is investigated and described here in detail. Important synaptic characteristics, such as low-pass filtering characteristics and nonvolatile memory ability, are successfully emulated in the printed light-stimulated artificial synapses. It demonstrates that the printed SWCNT TFT photoneuromorphic devices can act as the nonvolatile memory units and perform photoneuromorphic computing, which exhibits potential for future neuromorphic system applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shao
- College of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei 230026 , P.R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Hailu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yutian Road , Shanghai 200083 , P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Road , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Yongli He
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Road , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yutian Road , Shanghai 200083 , P.R. China
| | - Hehai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yutian Road , Shanghai 200083 , P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Zhao
- College of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei 230026 , P.R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Hongshan Xiao
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Kun Liang
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Wei
- College of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei 230026 , P.R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Wenya Xu
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Manman Luo
- College of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei 230026 , P.R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Qing Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Road , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Weida Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yutian Road , Shanghai 200083 , P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Gao
- College of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei 230026 , P.R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
| | - Zheng Cui
- College of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei 230026 , P.R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Centre , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science , 398 Ruoshui Road , Suzhou 215123 , P.R. China
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