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Hyperthermia Treatment Monitoring via Deep Learning Enhanced Microwave Imaging: A Numerical Assessment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061717. [PMID: 36980603 PMCID: PMC10046415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper deals with the problem of monitoring temperature during hyperthermia treatments in the whole domain of interest. In particular, a physics-assisted deep learning computational framework is proposed to provide an objective assessment of the temperature in the target tissue to be treated and in the healthy one to be preserved, based on the measurements performed by a microwave imaging device. The proposed concept is assessed in-silico for the case of neck tumors achieving an accuracy above 90%. The paper results show the potential of the proposed approach and support further studies aimed at its experimental validation.
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Wang W, Li W, Liu B, Wang L, Li K, Wang Y, Ji Z, Xu C, Shi X. Temperature dependence of dielectric properties of blood at 10 Hz-100 MHz. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1053233. [PMID: 36388092 PMCID: PMC9644111 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1053233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of blood is important for studying the biological effects of electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic protection, disease diagnosis, and treatment. However, owing to the limitations of measurement methods, there are still some uncertainties regarding the temperature characteristics of the dielectric properties of blood at low and medium frequencies. In this study, we designed a composite impedance measurement box with high heat transfer efficiency that allowed for a four/two-electrode measurement method. Four-electrode measurements were carried out at 10 Hz-1 MHz to overcome the influence of electrode polarization, and two-electrode measurements were carried out at 100 Hz-100 MHz to avoid the influence of distribution parameters, and the data was integrated to achieve dielectric measurements at 10 Hz-100 MHz. At the same time, the temperature of fresh blood from rabbits was controlled at 17-39°C in combination with a temperature-controlled water sink. The results showed that the temperature coefficient for the real part of the resistivity of blood remained constant from 10 Hz to 100 kHz (-2.42%/°C) and then gradually decreased to -0.26%/°C. The temperature coefficient of the imaginary part was positive and bimodal from 6.31 kHz to 100 MHz, with peaks of 5.22%/°C and 4.14%/°C at 126 kHz and 39.8 MHz, respectively. Finally, a third-order function model was developed to describe the dielectric spectra at these temperatures, in which the resistivity parameter in each dispersion zone decreased linearly with temperature and each characteristic frequency increased linearly with temperature. The model could estimate the dielectric properties at any frequency and temperature in this range, and the maximum error was less than 1.39%, thus laying the foundation for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weice Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weichen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Benyuan Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kun Li
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Canhua Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Slanina T, Nguyen DH, Moll J, Krozer V. Temperature dependence studies of tissue-mimicking phantoms for ultra-wideband microwave breast tumor detection. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35835081 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac811b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microwave imaging (MWI) systems are being investigated for breast cancer diagnostics as an alternative to conventional X-ray mammography and breast ultrasound. This work aims at a next generation of tissue-mimicking phantoms modelling the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of breast tissue over a large frequency bandwidth. Such phantoms can be used to develop a novel kind of MWI systems that exploit the temperature-dependent permittivity of tissue as a natural contrast agent. Due to the higher water content in tumor tissue, a temperature increase leads to a different change in the complex permittivity compared to surrounding tissue. This will generate a tumor dominated scattering response when the overall tissue temperature increases by a few degrees, e.g. through the use of microwave hyperthermia systems. In that case a differential diagnostic image can be calculated between microwave measurements at reference (around 37◦C) and elevated temperature conditions. This work proposes the design and characterization of agar-oil-glycerin phantoms for fatty, glandular, skin and tumor tissue. The characterization includes measurements with an open-ended coaxial probe and a network analyzer for the frequency range from 50 MHz to 20 GHz in a temperature-controlled environment covering the temperature range from 25◦C to 46◦C. The phantoms show an unique temperature response over the considered frequency bandwidth leading to significant changes in the real and imaginary part of the complex permittivity. Comparative studies with porcine skin and fat tissue show a qualitative agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Slanina
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Physical Institute, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, GERMANY
| | - Duy Hai Nguyen
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Physikalisches Institut, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 60438, GERMANY
| | - Jochen Moll
- Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 , GERMANY
| | - Viktor Krozer
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universitat, Max-von-Laue Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, GERMANY
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4
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Yin L, Zhu C, Xu J, Zhao H, Qiu J, Wang H, Liu K. Dynamic Impedance Analysis of Intestinal Anastomosis during High-Frequency Electric Field Welding Process. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114101. [PMID: 35684721 PMCID: PMC9185443 DOI: 10.3390/s22114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The success rate of the electrosurgical high-frequency electric field welding technique lies in reasonable control of the welding time. However, the final impedance value used to control the welding time varies due to differences in tissue size and the welding method during the welding process. This study aims to introduce a new reference indicator not limited by impedance size from dynamic impedance to achieve an adequate weld strength with minimal thermal damage, providing feedback on the tissue welding effect in medical power supplies. End-to-end anastomosis experiments were conducted with porcine small intestine tissue under seven levels of compression pressure. The dynamic impedance changes were analyzed, combined with compression pressure, temperature, moisture, and collagen during welding. The welding process was divided into three stages according to the dynamic impedance, with impedance decreasing in Period Ⅰ and impedance increasing in Period Ⅲ. Period Ⅲ was the key to high-strength connections due to water evaporation and collagen reorganization. The dynamic impedance ratio is defined as the final impedance divided by the minimum impedance, and successful welding would be predicted when detecting the dynamic impedance ratio over 4 (n = 70, p < 0.001). Dynamic impedance monitoring can be used as a macroscopic real-time prediction of the anastomosis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.X.); (H.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Caihui Zhu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.X.); (H.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jianzhi Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.X.); (H.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.X.); (H.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jian Qiu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.X.); (H.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Kefu Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (J.X.); (H.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China;
- Correspondence:
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Maenhout G, Markovic T, Nauwelaers B. Controlled Measurement Setup for Ultra-Wideband Dielectric Modeling of Muscle Tissue in 20-45 °C Temperature Range. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7644. [PMID: 34833716 PMCID: PMC8617941 DOI: 10.3390/s21227644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to design electromagnetic applicators for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, an adequate dielectric tissue model is required. In addition, tissue temperature will heavily influence the dielectric properties and the dielectric model should, thus, be extended to incorporate this temperature dependence. Thus, this work has a dual purpose. Given the influence of temperature, dehydration, and probe-to-tissue contact pressure on dielectric measurements, this work will initially present the first setup to actively control and monitor the temperature of the sample, the dehydration rate of the investigated sample, and the applied probe-to-tissue contact pressure. Secondly, this work measured the dielectric properties of porcine muscle in the 0.5-40 GHz frequency range for temperatures from 20 °C to 45 °C. Following measurements, a single-pole Cole-Cole model is presented, in which the five Cole-Cole parameters (ϵ∞, σs, Δϵ, τ, and α) are given by a first order polynomial as function of tissue temperature. The dielectric model closely agrees with the limited dielectric models known in literature for muscle tissue at 37 °C, which makes it suited for the design of in vivo applicators. Furthermore, the dielectric data at 41-45 °C is of great importance for the design of hyperthermia applicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Maenhout
- Division Telemic, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Box 2444, 3001 Leuven, Belgium or (T.M.); (B.N.)
| | - Tomislav Markovic
- Division Telemic, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Box 2444, 3001 Leuven, Belgium or (T.M.); (B.N.)
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Nauwelaers
- Division Telemic, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Box 2444, 3001 Leuven, Belgium or (T.M.); (B.N.)
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Prokhorova A, Ley S, Helbig M. Quantitative Interpretation of UWB Radar Images for Non-Invasive Tissue Temperature Estimation during Hyperthermia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050818. [PMID: 33946581 PMCID: PMC8147219 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of temperature distribution inside the tissue to be treated is essential for patient safety, workflow and clinical outcomes of thermal therapies. Microwave imaging represents a promising approach for non-invasive tissue temperature monitoring during hyperthermia treatment. In the present paper, a methodology for quantitative non-invasive tissue temperature estimation based on ultra-wideband (UWB) radar imaging in the microwave frequency range is described. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated by experiments with liquid phantoms and three-dimensional (3D) Delay-and-Sum beamforming algorithms. The results of our investigation show that the methodology can be applied for detection and estimation of the temperature induced dielectric properties change.
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Hosseinzadegan S, Fhager A, Persson M, Geimer S, Meaney P. Expansion of the Nodal-Adjoint Method for Simple and Efficient Computation of the 2D Tomographic Imaging Jacobian Matrix. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030729. [PMID: 33499014 PMCID: PMC7866223 DOI: 10.3390/s21030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the construction of the Jacobian matrix required in tomographic reconstruction algorithms. In microwave tomography, computing the forward solutions during the iterative reconstruction process impacts the accuracy and computational efficiency. Towards this end, we have applied the discrete dipole approximation for the forward solutions with significant time savings. However, while we have discovered that the imaging problem configuration can dramatically impact the computation time required for the forward solver, it can be equally beneficial in constructing the Jacobian matrix calculated in iterative image reconstruction algorithms. Key to this implementation, we propose to use the same simulation grid for both the forward and imaging domain discretizations for the discrete dipole approximation solutions and report in detail the theoretical aspects for this localization. In this way, the computational cost of the nodal adjoint method decreases by several orders of magnitude. Our investigations show that this expansion is a significant enhancement compared to previous implementations and results in a rapid calculation of the Jacobian matrix with a high level of accuracy. The discrete dipole approximation and the newly efficient Jacobian matrices are effectively implemented to produce quantitative images of the simplified breast phantom from the microwave imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Hosseinzadegan
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (S.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Andreas Fhager
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (S.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Mikael Persson
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (S.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Shireen Geimer
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
| | - Paul Meaney
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Temperature Correction to Enhance Blood Glucose Monitoring Accuracy Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216231. [PMID: 33142877 PMCID: PMC7663582 DOI: 10.3390/s20216231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrical methods are among the primarily studied non-invasive glucose measurement techniques; however, various factors affect the accuracy of the sensors used. Of these, the temperature is a critical factor; hence, the effects of temperature on the electrical properties of blood components are investigated in this study. Furthermore, the changes in the electrical properties of blood according to the glucose level are corrected by considering the effects of temperature on the electrical properties. An impedance sensor is developed and used to measure whole blood impedance in 10 healthy participants at various temperatures and glucose levels. Subsequently, the conductivities of the plasma and cytoplasm were extracted. Changes in the electrical properties of the blood components are then analyzed using linear regression and repeated measures ANOVA. The electrical conductivities of plasma and cytoplasm increased with increasing temperatures (plasma: 0.0397 (slope), 0.7814 (R2), cytoplasm: 0.014 (slope), 0.694 (R2)). At three values of increasing glucose levels (85.4, 158.1, and 271.8 mg/dL), the electrical conductivities of the plasma and cytoplasm decreased. These tendencies are more significant upon temperature corrections (p-values; plasma: 0.001, 0.001, cytoplasm: 0.003, 0.002). The relationships between temperature and electrical conductivity changes can thus be used for temperature corrections in blood glucose measurement.
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Cavagnaro M, Ruvio G. Numerical Sensitivity Analysis for Dielectric Characterization of Biological Samples by Open-Ended Probe Technique. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20133756. [PMID: 32635581 PMCID: PMC7374459 DOI: 10.3390/s20133756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric characterization of biological tissues has become a fundamental aspect of the design of medical treatments based on electromagnetic energy delivery and their pre-treatment planning. Among several measuring techniques proposed in the literature, broadband and minimally-invasive open-ended probe measurements are best-suited for biological tissues. However, several challenges related to measurement accuracy arise when dealing with biological tissues in both ex vivo and in vivo scenarios such as very constrained set-ups in terms of limited sample size and probe positioning. By means of the Finite Integration Technique in the CST Studio Suite® software, the numerical accuracy of the reconstruction of the complex permittivity of a high water-content tissue such as liver and a low water-content tissue such as fat is evaluated for different sample dimensions, different location of the probe, and considering the influence of the background environment. It is found that for high water-content tissues, the insertion depth of the probe into the sample is the most critical parameter on the accuracy of the reconstruction. Whereas when low water-content tissues are measured, the probe could be simply placed in contact with the surface of the sample but a deeper and wider sample is required to mitigate biasing effects from the background environment. The numerical analysis proves to be a valid tool to assess the suitability of a measurement set-up for a target accuracy threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cavagnaro
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics, and Telecommunications, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4458-5465
| | - Giuseppe Ruvio
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Endowave Ltd., Dublin 2, Ireland
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Muttakin I, Soleimani M. Magnetic Induction Tomography Spectroscopy for Structural and Functional Characterization in Metallic Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2639. [PMID: 32527072 PMCID: PMC7321602 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is a powerful imaging system for monitoring the state of metallic materials. Tomographic methods enable automatic inspection of metallic samples making use of multi-sensor measurements and data processing of eddy current-based sensing from mutual inductances. This paper investigates a multi-frequency MIT using both amplitude and phase data. The image reconstruction algorithm is based on a novel spectrally-correlative total variation method allowing an efficient and all-in-one spectral reconstruction. Additionally, the paper shows the rate of change in spectral images with respect to the excitation frequencies. Using both spectral maps and their spectral derivative maps, one can derive key structural and functional information regarding the material under test. This includes their type, size, number, existence of voids and cracks. Spectral maps can also give functional information, such as mechanical strains and their thermal conditions and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuchehr Soleimani
- Engineering Tomography Laboratory (ETL), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
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Yilmaz T, Ates Alkan F. In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Healthy and Benign Rat Mammary Tissues from 500 MHz to 18 GHz. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2214. [PMID: 32295215 PMCID: PMC7218889 DOI: 10.3390/s20082214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the in vivo dielectric properties of healthy and benign rat mammary tissues in an attempt to expand the dielectric property knowledge of animal models. The outcomes of this study can enable testing of microwave medical technologies on animal models and interpretation of tissue alteration-dependent in vivo dielectric properties of mammary tissues. Towards this end, in vivo dielectric properties of healthy rat mammary tissues and chemically induced benign rat mammary tumors including low-grade adenosis, sclerosing adenosis, and adenosis were collected with open-ended coaxial probes from 500 MHz to 18 GHz. The in vivo measurements revealed that the dielectric properties of benign rat mammary tumors are higher than the healthy rat mammary tissues by 9.3% to 35.5% and 19.6% to 48.7% for relative permittivity and conductivity, respectively. Furthermore, to our surprise, we found that the grade of the benign tissue affects the dielectric properties for this study. Finally, a comparison with ex vivo healthy human mammary tissue dielectric properties revealed that the healthy rat mammary tissues best replicate the dielectric properties of healthy medium density human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Yilmaz
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ates Alkan
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, Beykent University, Istanbul 34520, Turkey;
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