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Pesatori A, Norgia M. Multi-Sensor Laser System for Electric Guitar Pitch-Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2468. [PMID: 38676085 PMCID: PMC11054283 DOI: 10.3390/s24082468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To attain a direct MIDI output from an electric guitar, we devised and implemented a sophisticated laser sensor system capable of measuring finger positions. This sensor operates on the principle of optical triangulation, employing six lasers and seven position-sensing detectors that are time-multiplexed. The speed and precision of this sensor system meet the necessary criteria for creating an electric guitar with a direct digital output, perfectly satisfying the application's requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pesatori
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Polytechnic of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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2
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Hui X, Li Z, Tang L, Sun J, Hou X, Chen J, Peng Y, Wu Z, Guo H. A Self-Powered, Highly Embedded and Sensitive Tribo-Label-Sensor for the Fast and Stable Label Printer. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 15:27. [PMID: 36586015 PMCID: PMC9805486 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Label-sensor is an essential component of the label printer which is becoming a most significant tool for the development of Internet of Things (IoT). However, some drawbacks of the traditional infrared label-sensor make the printer fail to realize the high-speed recognition of labels as well as stable printing. Herein, we propose a self-powered and highly sensitive tribo-label-sensor (TLS) for accurate label identification, positioning and counting by embedding triboelectric nanogenerator into the indispensable roller structure of a label printer. The sensing mechanism, device parameters and deep comparison with infrared sensor are systematically studied both in theory and experiment. As the results, TLS delivers 6 times higher signal magnitude than traditional one. Moreover, TLS is immune to label jitter and temperature variation during fast printing and can also be used for transparent label directly and shows long-term robustness. This work may provide an alternative toolkit with outstanding advantages to improve current label printer and further promote the development of IoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindan Hui
- School of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Tang
- School of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- School of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhe Hou
- Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company, Chongqing, 401123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyi Wu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hengyu Guo
- School of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Abstract
Today, low-cost sensors in various civil engineering sectors are gaining the attention of researchers due to their reduced production cost and their applicability to multiple nodes. Low-cost sensors also have the advantage of easily connecting to low-cost microcontrollers such as Arduino. A low-cost, reliable acquisition system based on Arduino technology can further reduce the price of data acquisition and monitoring, which can make long-term monitoring possible. This paper introduces a wireless Internet-based low-cost data acquisition system consisting of Raspberry Pi and several Arduinos as signal conditioners. This study investigates the beneficial impact of similar sensor combinations, aiming to improve the overall accuracy of several sensors with an unknown accuracy range. The paper then describes an experiment that gives valuable information about the standard deviation, distribution functions, and error level of various individual low-cost sensors under different environmental circumstances. Unfortunately, these data are usually missing and sometimes assumed in numerical studies targeting the development of structural system identification methods. A measuring device consisting of a total of 75 contactless ranging sensors connected to two microcontrollers (Arduinos) was designed to study the similar sensor combination theory and present the standard deviation and distribution functions. The 75 sensors include: 25 units of HC-SR04 (analog), 25 units of VL53L0X, and 25 units of VL53L1X (digital).
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4
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Chang CP, Tu TC, Huang SR, Wang YC, Chang SC. Development of the Heterodyne Laser Encoder System for the X-Y Positioning Stage. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5775. [PMID: 34502666 PMCID: PMC8433824 DOI: 10.3390/s21175775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This investigation develops a laser encoder system based on a heterodyne laser interferometer. For eliminating geometric errors, the optical structure of the proposed encoder system was carried out with the internal zero-point method. The designed structure can eliminate the geometric errors, including positioning error, straightness error, squareness error, and Abbe error of the positioning stage. The signal processing system is composed of commercial integrated circuits (ICs). The signal type of the proposed encoding system is a differential signal that is compatible with most motion control systems. The proposed encoder system is embedded in a two-dimensional positioning stage. By the experimental results of the positioning test in the measuring range of 27 mm × 27 mm, with a resolution of 15.8 nm, the maximum values of the positioning error and standard deviation are 12.64 nm and 126.4 nm, respectively, in the positioning experiments. The result shows that the proposed encoder system can fit the positioning requirements of the optoelectronic and semiconductor industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ping Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; (T.-C.T.); (S.-R.H.)
| | - Tsung-Chun Tu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; (T.-C.T.); (S.-R.H.)
| | - Siang-Ruei Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; (T.-C.T.); (S.-R.H.)
| | - Yung-Cheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Syuan-Cheng Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (S.-C.C.)
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Cai H, Zhao BC, Tian Y, Kim DH, Sun Y, Lim HK, Lee ES, Jiang HB. Design of a Single-Tooth Model and Its Application in Oral Scan System Assessment. SCANNING 2021; 2021:8891396. [PMID: 33824693 PMCID: PMC8009709 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8891396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intraoral scanners have been widely used in the application of dentistry. Accuracy includes trueness and precision; they have an important position in the assessment of intraoral scanners. The existing standard models are divided into the inlay and the crown, but the operation is relatively complicated. In this study, in order to simplify the current standard model, we designed a new integration model to compare the accuracy of two intraoral scanners (CEREC and TRIOS) and an extraoral scanner (SHINING). The coordinate measuring machine measured value is the gold standard. Values of the length and angle were analyzed by converting the scanned digital impressions into an STL (standard triangulation language) format to evaluate the accuracy of the intraoral scanner and to verify the feasibility of the designed model. The result shows that the integration model can be successfully scanned and imaged. In the case of the powder-free integration model, intraoral scanner precision, trueness, 3D fitting, and imaging are better than the extraoral scanner. It can be seen straightly from the measurement result and the 3D fitting result that the intraoral scanner can acquire the shape of the standard model integrally with good repeatability. Therefore, it can be concluded that TRIOS is superior to CEREC and SHINING in accuracy, and the integration model is feasible as a reference in the examination of intraoral scanners. The performance of the newly designed integration model that can be scanned is clinically significant, suggesting that this model can be used as a standard reference model.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongXin Cai
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Bing Cheng Zhao
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Yueyi Tian
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Dong-Hyuck Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhan Sun
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Ho-Kyung Lim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
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Lucny A, Dillinger V, Kacurova G, Racev M. Shape-Based Alignment of the Scanned Objects Concerning Their Asymmetric Aspects. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041529. [PMID: 33672134 PMCID: PMC7926346 DOI: 10.3390/s21041529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an integrated method for processing depth maps measured by a laser profile sensor. It serves for the recognition and alignment of an object given by a single example. Firstly, we look for potential object contours, mainly using the Retinex filter. Then, we select the actual object boundary via shape comparison based on Triangle Area Representation (TAR). We overcome the limitations of the TAR method by extension of its shape descriptor. That is helpful mainly for objects with symmetric shapes but other asymmetric aspects like squares with asymmetric holes. Finally, we use point-to-point pairing, provided by the extended TAR method, to calculate the 3D rigid affine transform that aligns the scanned object to the given example position. For the transform calculation, we design an algorithm that overcomes the Kabsch point-to-point algorithm’s accuracy and accommodates it for a precise contour-to-contour alignment. In this way, we have implemented a pipeline with features convenient for industrial use, namely production inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Lucny
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-944-928-127
| | - Viliam Dillinger
- ME-Inspection SK, Drobneho 25A, 84101 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.D.); (G.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Gabriela Kacurova
- ME-Inspection SK, Drobneho 25A, 84101 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.D.); (G.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Marek Racev
- ME-Inspection SK, Drobneho 25A, 84101 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.D.); (G.K.); (M.R.)
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Lv X, Gao P. An optical sensor for selective detection of phenol via double cross-linker precipitation polymerization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25402-25407. [PMID: 35517451 PMCID: PMC9055332 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03708g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the electron-transfer mechanism between the template and quantum dots (QDs), an optical sensor was structured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Lv
- School of Electrical Engineering and Control Science
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211899
- China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Tongling University
- Tongling 244000
- China
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Gabl R, Stummer F. Development of a Sensor to Measure Physician Consultation Times. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19245359. [PMID: 31817359 PMCID: PMC6960857 DOI: 10.3390/s19245359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The duration of patient–physician contact is an important factor for the optimisation of treatment processes in healthcare systems. Available methods can be labour-intensive and the quality is, in many cases, poor. A part of this research project is to develop a sensor system, which allows the detection of people passing through a door, including the direction. For this purpose, two time of flight sensors are combined with a door sensor and a motion detection sensor (for redundancy) on one single side of the door frame. The period between two single measurements could be reduced to 50 ms, which allows the measurement of walking speed up to 2 ms−1. The accuracy of the time stamp for each event is less than one second and ensures a precise documentation of the consultation time. This paper presents the development of the sensor system, the miniaturisation of the installation and first measurement results, as well as the measurement’s concept of quality analysis, including multiple door applications. In future steps, the sensor system will be deployed at different medical practices to determine the exact duration of the patient–physician interaction over a longer time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Gabl
- School of Engineering, Institute for Energy Systems, FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, The University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Florian Stummer
- Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (F.S.)
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Lane-Level Road Network Generation Techniques for Lane-Level Maps of Autonomous Vehicles: A Survey. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11164511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Autonomous driving is experiencing rapid development. A lane-level map is essential for autonomous driving, and a lane-level road network is a fundamental part of a lane-level map. A large amount of research has been performed on lane-level road network generation based on various on-board systems. However, there is a lack of analysis and summaries with regards to previous work. This paper presents an overview of lane-level road network generation techniques for the lane-level maps of autonomous vehicles with on-board systems, including the representation and generation of lane-level road networks. First, sensors for lane-level road network data collection are discussed. Then, an overview of the lane-level road geometry extraction methods and mathematical modeling of a lane-level road network is presented. The methodologies, advantages, limitations, and summaries of the two parts are analyzed individually. Next, the classic logic formats of a lane-level road network are discussed. Finally, the survey summarizes the results of the review.
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Bai J, Li X, Wang X, Zhou Q, Ni K. Chromatic Confocal Displacement Sensor with Optimized Dispersion Probe and Modified Centroid Peak Extraction Algorithm. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163592. [PMID: 31426566 PMCID: PMC6719189 DOI: 10.3390/s19163592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatic confocal technology (CCT) is one of the most promising methods for the contactless and accurate measurement of structure profiles. Based on the principles of chromatic dispersion and confocal theory, a dispersion probe is proposed and optimized with several commercial and cheap refractive index lenses. The probe provides 0.3× magnification and a dispersion range of 400 μm with a commercial LED source with an effective bandwidth of ca. 450-623 nm. Since the noise fluctuation can affect the extraction stability of the focal wavelength, a modification to the centroid peak extraction algorithm is proposed in this paper, where several virtual pixels are interpolated among the real pixels of the spectrometer before thresholding. In addition, a series of experiments were carried out to test the system's displacement measurement performance. The results clearly show that stability is improved by the modified algorithm, and the calibration repeatability is ±0.3 μm in the full measurement range with a linear stage. The standard deviation at the fixed position has an optimal value of 0.009 μm. The section profile of a Fresnel lens is measured by the CCT system to demonstrate its high feasibility and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Bai
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Yang YS. Measurement of Dynamic Responses from Large Structural Tests by Analyzing Non-Synchronized Videos. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163520. [PMID: 31405251 PMCID: PMC6721229 DOI: 10.3390/s19163520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Image analysis techniques have been employed to measure displacements, deformation, crack propagation, and structural health monitoring. With the rapid development and wide application of digital imaging technology, consumer digital cameras are commonly used for making such measurements because of their satisfactory imaging resolution, video recording capability, and relatively low cost. However, three-dimensional dynamic response monitoring and measurement on large-scale structures pose challenges of camera calibration and synchronization to image analysis. Without satisfactory camera position and orientation obtained from calibration and well-synchronized imaging, significant errors would occur in the dynamic responses during image analysis and stereo triangulation. This paper introduces two camera calibration approaches that are suitable for large-scale structural experiments, as well as a synchronization method to estimate the time difference between two cameras and further minimize the error of stereo triangulation. Two structural experiments are used to verify the calibration approaches and the synchronization method to acquire dynamic responses. The results demonstrate the performance and accuracy improvement by using the proposed methods.
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