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Lansdorp BM, Lamberg P, Hamid R. Screen-Printed Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes Inhibit Alcohol Oxidase Activity. ECS SENSORS PLUS 2023; 2:030602. [PMID: 37469623 PMCID: PMC10353475 DOI: 10.1149/2754-2726/ace5a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) is ubiquitous in the field of electrochemical biosensing due to its suitability as a reference electrode material. However, we recently discovered that screen-printed Ag/AgCl ink has a detrimental effect on Alcohol Oxidase enzyme stability. We performed an optical absorbance assay to isolate the interaction of enzyme and electrode to discover a surprisingly strong inhibition effect. The halftime of enzymatic activity was reduced from nearly 1 week in buffer to 10 h in the presence of the Ag/AgCl electrode. We expect this discovery to have broad implications on enzymatic biosensors that use Ag/AgCl as reference electrode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob M. Lansdorp
- Milo Sensors, Inc. Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, United States of America
| | - Peter Lamberg
- Milo Sensors, Inc. Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, United States of America
| | - Rashad Hamid
- Milo Sensors, Inc. Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, United States of America
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van Egmond K, Riordan B, Wright CJC, Livingston M, Kuntsche E. Measurement of Transdermal Alcohol Concentration using a Wrist Worn Enzymatic Transdermal Monitor. Alcohol 2023; 110:33-40. [PMID: 37105335 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-generation transdermal monitors such as the ION Research Alpha Prototypes (ION RAP) hold promise for real-time alcohol measurement, with improvements in design features such as sampling frequency, size and comfort. This paper aims to provide the first comparisons of the wrist worn enzyme-based ION RAP and the fuel-cell based SCRAM-CAM against breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) readings. METHODS Participants (N=23) completed a total of 69 laboratory alcohol administration sessions, while wearing both a prototype of the ION RAP wristband and a SCRAM-CAM ankle monitor; they also gave breath samples each 10 minutes. Analyses focused on latencies of transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) after alcohol ingestion, correlations, and cross-correlations between BrAC and TAC measurements. RESULTS A high failure rate of the ION RAP was observed (61.5% of the sessions were excluded due to the sessions not containing enough valid data). On average, the SCRAM-CAM and ION RAP detected alcohol 43 (SD=21) and 50 (SD=27) minutes after the first drink, with peak values reached after 138 (SD=47) and 154 (SD=56) minutes, respectively. SCRAM-CAM TAC peak (r=0.185,p=0.375) and area under the curve (AUC; r=0.320, p=0.118) showed small- and medium-sized correlations to BrAC. ION RAP TAC peak (r=-0.082, p=0.698) and AUC (r=0.040, p=0.852) correlations to BrAC were close to zero. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the new-generation ION RAP and the traditionally used SCRAM-CAM show similar delays in detection and similar TAC curves over time, despite using either enzyme or fuel-cell based technologies, respectively. Due to high failure rates of the ION RAP prototypes and close to zero correlations to BrAC, further developments and improvements of these TAC wristbands are required for reliable and valid use in real-time alcohol measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly van Egmond
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR), NR1 Building, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Riordan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR), NR1 Building, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra J C Wright
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR), NR1 Building, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 VIC, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR), NR1 Building, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 VIC, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR), NR1 Building, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 VIC, Australia; Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Kazinczy u. 23-27, 1075 Budapest, Hungary.
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Khamis AA, Idris A, Abdellatif A, Mohd Rom NA, Khamis T, Ab Karim MS, Janasekaran S, Abd Rashid RB. Development and Performance Evaluation of an IoT-Integrated Breath Analyzer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1319. [PMID: 36674075 PMCID: PMC9859467 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although alcohol consumption may produce effects that can be beneficial or harmful, alcohol consumption prevails among communities around the globe. Additionally, alcohol consumption patterns may be associated with several factors among communities and individuals. Numerous technologies and methods are implemented to enhance the detection and tracking of alcohol consumption, such as vehicle-integrated and wearable devices. In this paper, we present a cellular-based Internet of Things (IoT) implementation in a breath analyzer to enable data collection from multiple users via a single device. Cellular technology using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) was implemented as an IoT gateway. IoT integration enabled the direct retrieval of information from a database relative to the device and direct upload of data from the device onto the database. A manually developed threshold algorithm was implemented to quantify alcohol concentrations within a range from 0 to 200 mcg/100 mL breath alcohol content using electrochemical reactions in a fuel-cell sensor. Two data collections were performed: one was used for the development of the model and was split into two sets for model development and on-machine validation, and another was used as an experimental verification test. An overall accuracy of 98.16% was achieved, and relative standard deviations within the range from 1.41% to 2.69% were achieved, indicating the reliable repeatability of the results. The implication of this paper is that the developed device (an IoT-integrated breath analyzer) may provide practical assistance for healthcare representatives and researchers when conducting studies involving the detection and data collection of alcohol consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Alghani Khamis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Aida Idris
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Abdallah Abdellatif
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Taha Khamis
- Center for Applied Biomechanics (CAB), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sayuti Ab Karim
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Shamini Janasekaran
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment & IT, SEGi University Sdn Bhd, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia
| | - Rusdi Bin Abd Rashid
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Yu J, Fairbairn CE, Gurrieri L, Caumiant EP. Validating transdermal alcohol biosensors: a meta-analysis of associations between blood/breath-based measures and transdermal alcohol sensor output. Addiction 2022; 117:2805-2815. [PMID: 35603913 PMCID: PMC9529851 DOI: 10.1111/add.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Transdermal alcohol sensors carry immense promise for the continuous assessment of drinking but are inconsistent in detecting more fine-grained indicators of alcohol consumption. Prior studies examining associations between transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) and blood/breath alcohol concentration (BAC) have yielded highly variable correlations and lag times. The current review aimed to synthesize transdermal validation studies, aggregating results from more than three decades of research to characterize the validity of transdermal sensors for assessing alcohol consumption. METHODS Databases were searched for studies listed prior to 1 March 2022 that examined associations between transdermal alcohol sensor output and blood and breath-based alcohol measures, resulting in 31 primarily laboratory-derived participant samples (27 precise effect sizes) including both healthy and clinical populations. Correlation coefficients and lag times were pooled using three-level random-effects meta-regression. Independent raters coded study characteristics, including the body position of transdermal sensors (ankle- versus arm/hand/wrist-worn device) and methodological bias (e.g. missing data). RESULTS Analyses revealed that, in this primarily laboratory-derived sample of studies, the average correlation between TAC and BAC was large in magnitude [r = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.80, 0.93], and TAC lagged behind BAC by an average of 95.90 minutes (95% CI = 55.50, 136.29). Device body position significantly moderated both TAC-BAC correlation (b = 0.11, P = 0.009) and lag time (b = -69.41, P < 0.001). Lag times for ankle-worn devices were approximately double those for arm/hand/wrist-worn devices, and TAC-BAC correlations also tended to be stronger for arm/hand/wrist-worn sensors. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicates that transdermal alcohol sensors perform strongly in assessing blood/breath alcohol concentration under controlled conditions, with particular promise for the newer generation of wrist-worn devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Yu
- University of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignILUSA,Division of the Social SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Laura Gurrieri
- University of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignILUSA,Department of PsychologyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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Paprocki S, Qassem M, Kyriacou PA. Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6819. [PMID: 36146167 PMCID: PMC9501510 DOI: 10.3390/s22186819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. This review presents the development and the current state of alcohol intoxication quantifying devices and techniques, separated into six major categories: estimates, breath alcohol devices, bodily fluid testing, transdermal sensors, mathematical algorithms, and optical techniques. Each of these categories was researched by analyzing their respective performances and drawbacks. We found that the major developments in monitoring ethanol intoxication levels aim at noninvasive transdermal/optical methods for personal monitoring. Many of the "categories" of ethanol intoxication systems overlap with each other with to a varying extent, hence the division of categories is based only on the principal operation of the techniques described in this review. In summary, the gold-standard method for measuring blood ethanol levels is through gas chromatography. Early estimation methods based on mathematical equations are largely popular in forensic fields. Breath alcohol devices are the most common type of alcohol sensors on the market and are generally implemented in law enforcement. Transdermal sensors vary largely in their sensing methodologies, but they mostly follow the principle of electrical sensing or enzymatic reaction rate. Optical devices and methodologies perform well, with some cases outperforming breath alcohol devices in terms of the precision of measurement. Other estimation algorithms consider multimodal approaches and should not be considered alcohol sensing devices, but rather as prospective measurement of the intoxication influence. This review found 38 unique technologies and techniques for measuring alcohol intoxication, which is testament to the acute interest in the innovation of noninvasive technologies for assessing intoxication.
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Kruse CS, Betancourt JA, Madrid S, Lindsey CW, Wall V. Leveraging mHealth and Wearable Sensors to Manage Alcohol Use Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091672. [PMID: 36141283 PMCID: PMC9498895 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a condition prevalent in many countries around the world, and the public burden of its treatment is close to $130 billion. mHealth offers several possible interventions to assist in the treatment of AUD. Objectives: To analyze the effectiveness of mHealth and wearable sensors to manage AUD from evidence published over the last 10 years. Methods: Following the Kruse Protocol and PRISMA 2020, four databases were queried (PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Science Direct) to identify studies with strong methodologies (n = 25). Results: Five interventions were identified, and 20/25 were effective at reducing alcohol consumption. Other interventions reported a decrease in depression and an increase in medication compliance. Primary barriers to the adoption of mHealth interventions are a requirement to train users, some are equally as effective as the traditional means of treatment, cost, and computer literacy. Conclusion: While not all mHealth interventions demonstrated statistically significant reduction in alcohol consumption, most are still clinically effective to treat AUD and provide a patient with their preference of a technologically inclined treatment Most interventions require training of users and some technology literacy, the barriers identified were very few compared with the litany of positive results.
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Lee GH, Woo H, Yoon C, Yang C, Bae JY, Kim W, Lee DH, Kang H, Han S, Kang SK, Park S, Kim HR, Jeong JW, Park S. A Personalized Electronic Tattoo for Healthcare Realized by On-the-Spot Assembly of an Intrinsically Conductive and Durable Liquid-Metal Composite. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204159. [PMID: 35702762 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electronic (e-) skins are a class of thin-film electronics mainly fabricated in laboratories or factories, which is incapable of rapid and simple customization for personalized healthcare. Here a new class of e-tattoos is introduced that can be directly implemented on the skin by facile one-step coating with various designs at multi-scale depending on the purpose of the user without a substrate. An e-tattoo is realized by attaching Pt-decorated carbon nanotubes on gallium-based liquid-metal particles (CMP) to impose intrinsic electrical conductivity and mechanical durability. Tuning the CMP suspension to have low-zeta potential, excellent wettability, and high-vapor pressure enables conformal and intimate assembly of particles directly on the skin in 10 s. Low-cost, ease of preparation, on-skin compatibility, and multifunctionality of CMP make it highly suitable for e-tattoos. Demonstrations of electrical muscle stimulators, photothermal patches, motion artifact-free electrophysiological sensors, and electrochemical biosensors validate the simplicity, versatility, and reliability of the e-tattoo-based approach in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Woo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoong Yoon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Congqi Yang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Brobbin E, Deluca P, Hemrage S, Drummond C. Accuracy of Wearable Transdermal Alcohol Sensors: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e35178. [PMID: 35436239 PMCID: PMC9052024 DOI: 10.2196/35178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a range of wearable transdermal alcohol sensors that are available and are being developed. These devices have the potential to monitor alcohol consumption continuously over extended periods in an objective manner, overcoming some of the limitations of other alcohol measurement methods (blood, breath, and urine). OBJECTIVE The objective of our systematic review was to assess wearable transdermal alcohol sensor accuracy. METHODS A systematic search of the CINAHL, Embase, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus bibliographic databases was conducted in February 2021. In total, 2 team members (EB and SH) independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. The methodological quality of each study was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The primary outcome was transdermal alcohol sensor accuracy. The data were presented as a narrative synthesis. RESULTS We identified and analyzed 32 studies. Study designs included laboratory, ambulatory, and mixed designs, as well as randomized controlled trials; the length of time for which the device was worn ranged from days to weeks; and the analyzed sample sizes ranged from 1 to 250. The results for transdermal alcohol concentration data from various transdermal alcohol sensors were generally found to positively correlate with breath alcohol concentration, blood alcohol concentration, and self-report (moderate to large correlations). However, there were some discrepancies between study reports; for example, WrisTAS sensitivity ranged from 24% to 85.6%, and specificity ranged from 67.5% to 92.94%. Higher malfunctions were reported with the BACtrack prototype (16%-38%) and WrisTAS (8%) than with SCRAM (2%); however, the former devices also reported a reduced time lag for peak transdermal alcohol concentration values when compared with SCRAM. It was also found that many companies were developing new models of wearable transdermal alcohol sensors. CONCLUSIONS As shown, there is a lack of consistency in the studies on wearable transdermal alcohol sensor accuracy regarding study procedures and analyses of findings, thus making it difficult to draw direct comparisons between them. This needs to be considered in future research, and there needs to be an increase in studies directly comparing different transdermal alcohol sensors. There is also a lack of research investigating the accuracy of transdermal alcohol sensors as a tool for monitoring alcohol consumption in clinical populations and use over extended periods. Although there is some preliminary evidence suggesting the accuracy of these devices, this needs to be further investigated in clinical populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021231027; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=231027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Brobbin
- Department of Addictions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Deluca
- Department of Addictions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Hemrage
- Department of Addictions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Drummond
- Department of Addictions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Mair C, Gruenewald PJ. Ecological momentary assessments of night-time drinking among California adolescents: bases for informing night-time preventive interventions. Addiction 2021; 116:3408-3421. [PMID: 34159671 PMCID: PMC8578195 DOI: 10.1111/add.15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To inform the development of effective night-time preventive interventions, our goal was to assess adolescents' residence (i.e. being at) and transitions across contexts during evening hours and risks for drinking and drinking-related problems in relation to contexts and to these transitions. DESIGN Ecological momentary assessment and survey methods. SETTING Twelve mid-sized cities (50 000-500 000 population) in California, USA from December 2014 to September 2015. ANALYTICAL SAMPLE A total of 153 adolescents (mean age = 16.4, 46.2% female). MEASUREMENT Initial conditions (e.g. past-year heavy drinking, gender, best friend's approval of drinking); adolescents' residence (i.e. being at) and transitions between (a) their own homes, (b) others' homes and (c) public spaces (e.g. restaurants, parks, concert venues) at early, middle and late evening hours; drinking in these contexts at early, middle and late evening hours; and drinking-related problems across evening hours. FINDINGS Risks for drinking were 23.5 times greater in others' homes (P < 0.01) and somewhat less in public spaces [odds ratio (OR) = 6.01, P < 0.01], compared with own home. Risks for problems in any evening time were elevated in relation to being in others' homes (OR = 2.37, P < 0.05) and public spaces (OR = 2.71, P < 0.01) versus at own home. Drinking in others' homes was related to 5.9 times increase in odds of transitioning back to own home (OR = 5.93, P < 0.05), 11.9 times increase in odds of remaining in others' homes (OR = 11.86, P < 0.01) or 7.3 times increase in odds of transitioning from others' homes to public spaces (OR = 7.3, P < 0.05). Initial conditions were associated with being in states, drinking and problems during evening hours and transitions across states. CONCLUSIONS In California, adolescents who are older, female, Hispanic or have greater spending money may be more likely to be outside their own home during evening hours than adolescents who do not match those criteria. In turn, being outside one's home during evening hours appears to be related to greater risks for drinking and drinking-related problems. Finally, transitions between contexts increased differential risks for drinking such that, for example, drinking in others' homes was highly related to transitioning to public spaces and less to returning to own home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 De Soto Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Paul J. Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
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Annanouch FE, Martini V, Fiorido T, Lawson B, Aguir K, Bendahan M. Embedded Transdermal Alcohol Detection via a Finger Using SnO 2 Gas Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206852. [PMID: 34696065 PMCID: PMC8541104 DOI: 10.3390/s21206852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the fabrication and characterization of a portable transdermal alcohol sensing device via a human finger, using tin dioxide (SnO2) chemoresistive gas sensors. Compared to conventional detectors, this non-invasive technique allowed us the continuous monitoring of alcohol with low cost and simple fabrication process. The sensing layers used in this work were fabricated by using the reactive radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering technique. Their structure and morphology were investigated by means of X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results indicated that the annealing time has an important impact on the sensor sensitivity. Before performing the transdermal measurements, the sensors were exposed to a wide range of ethanol concentrations and the results displayed good responses with high sensitivity, stability, and a rapid detection time. Moreover, against high relative humidity (50% and 70%), the sensors remained resistant by showing a slight change in their gas sensing performances. A volunteer (an adult researcher from our volunteer group) drank 50 mL of tequila in order to realize the transdermal alcohol monitoring. Fifteen minutes later, the volunteer's skin started to evacuate alcohol and the sensor resistance began to decline. Simultaneously, breath alcohol measurements were attained using a DRAGER 6820 certified breathalyzer. The results demonstrated a clear correlation between the alcohol concentration in the blood, breath, and via perspiration, which validated the embedded transdermal alcohol device reported in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ezahra Annanouch
- Departament d’Enginyeria Electronica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.E.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Virginie Martini
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (T.F.); (B.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Tomas Fiorido
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (T.F.); (B.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Bruno Lawson
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (T.F.); (B.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Khalifa Aguir
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (T.F.); (B.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Marc Bendahan
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (T.F.); (B.L.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence: (F.E.A.); (M.B.)
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Fairbairn CE, Bosch N. A new generation of transdermal alcohol biosensing technology: practical applications, machine -learning analytics and questions for future research. Addiction 2021; 116:2912-2920. [PMID: 33908674 PMCID: PMC8429066 DOI: 10.1111/add.15523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of transdermal alcohol monitors has burgeoned in recent years, now encompassing hundreds of thousands of individuals globally. A new generation of sensors promises to expand the range of applications for transdermal technology exponentially, and advances in machine-learning modeling approaches offer new methods for translating the data produced by transdermal devices. This article provides (1) a review of transdermal sensor research conducted to date, including an analysis of methodological features of past studies potentially key in driving reported sensor performance; (2) updates on methodological developments likely to be transformative for the field of transdermal sensing, including the development of new-generation sensors featuring smartphone integration and rapid sampling capabilities as well as developments in machine-learning analytics suited to data produced by these novel sensors and; (3) an analysis of the expanded range of applications for this new generation of sensor, together with corresponding requirements for sensor accuracy and temporal specificity. We also note questions as yet unanswered and key directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel Bosch
- School of Information Sciences and Department of Educational Psychology University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign IL USA
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12
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Non-invasive wearable chemical sensors in real-life applications. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338643. [PMID: 34535258 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, non-invasive wearable chemical sensors have gained tremendous attention in the field of personal health monitoring and medical diagnosis. These sensors provide non-invasive, real-time, and continuous monitoring of targeted biomarkers with more simplicity than the conventional diagnostic approaches. This review primarily describes the substrate materials used for sensor fabrication, sample collection and handling, and analytical detection techniques that are utilized to detect biomarkers in different biofluids. Common substrates including paper, textile, and hydrogel for wearable sensor fabrication are discussed. Principles and applications of colorimetric and electrochemical detection in wearable chemical sensors are illustrated. Data transmission systems enabling wireless communication between the sensor and output devices are also discussed. Finally, examples of different designs of wearable chemical sensors including tattoos, garments, and accessories are shown. Successful development of non-invasive wearable chemical sensors will effectively help users to manage their personal health, predict the potential diseases, and eventually improve the overall quality of life.
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13
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van Egmond K, Wright CJC, Livingston M, Kuntsche E. A parallel test of the SCRAM-CAM transdermal monitors ensuring reliability. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:1122-1130. [PMID: 34235793 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies validating the transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) as measured by the Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitors Continuous Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM-CAM) have tested the monitor against self-reports or breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). This study aims to provide further evidence of the reliability of the SCRAM-CAM testing two monitors in parallel. METHODS Participants (N = 21) received four standard drinks in a laboratory session while wearing SCRAM-CAMs simultaneously on their left and right ankles. The SCRAM-CAMs sampled TAC every 30 min and participants were monitored for at least 2-3 h after their BrAC levels reached zero. Weight and height measures were taken to calculate body mass index (BMI). RESULTS There was a positive correlation between the TAC measurements from the left and right SCRAM-CAM (r = 0.718), a cross-correlation model revealed that this correlation was not significantly different for sex or BMI. Area under the TAC curve (AUC) and peak TAC values as measured by the left and right SCRAM-CAM also show positive correlations (r = 0.554 and r = 0.579, respectively). Cross-correlation models show a significant effect of BMI on the relationship between left and right peak TAC values, which may be due to outlier effects. No further effects were significant for on both peak and AUC values. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results show that TAC measured by SCRAM-CAMs worn on the left and right showed a good correlation, with correlations between AUC and peak TAC values considered to be fair. TAC monitors show promise for use in research settings; however, work is needed testing the reliability of TAC as measured by two TAC monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly van Egmond
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research, Department of Public Health and Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cassandra J C Wright
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research, Department of Public Health and Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research, Department of Public Health and Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research, Department of Public Health and Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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External ears for non-invasive and stable monitoring of volatile organic compounds in human blood. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10415. [PMID: 34112816 PMCID: PMC8192764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released through skin (transcutaneous gas) has been increasing in importance for the continuous and real-time assessment of diseases or metabolisms. For stable monitoring of transcutaneous gas, finding a body part with little interference on the measurement is essential. In this study, we have investigated the possibility of external ears for stable and real-time measurement of ethanol vapour by developing a monitoring system that consisted with an over-ear gas collection cell and a biochemical gas sensor (bio-sniffer). The high sensitivity with the broad dynamic range (26 ppb–554 ppm), the high selectivity to ethanol, and the capability of the continuous measurement of the monitoring system uncovered three important characteristics of external ear-derived ethanol with alcohol intake for the first time: there is little interference from sweat glands to a sensor signal at the external ear; similar temporal change in ethanol concentration to that of breath with delayed peak time (avg. 13 min); relatively high concentration of ethanol relative to other parts of a body (external ear-derived ethanol:breath ethanol = 1:590). These features indicated the suitability of external ears for non-invasive monitoring of blood VOCs.
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15
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Li G, Wen D. Wearable biochemical sensors for human health monitoring: sensing materials and manufacturing technologies. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:3423-3436. [PMID: 32022089 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wearable biochemical sensors are of great interest nowadays due to their powerful potential in personalized medicine and continuous monitoring of human health. Thus, a great deal of effort has been put into the development of such sensors to enable real-time and non-invasive quantification of various chemical constituents in the human body such as sweat, saliva, and tears. Owing to the advances in materials science and mechanical engineering, wearable biochemical sensors have been developed to probe various biomarkers and have been subsequently considered as wearable electronic devices for practical applications. In this review, we present a broad overview on the recent advances in electrochemical wearable sensors towards various organic components and ions closely linked to human health. With an emphasis on materials and manufacturing technologies of the sensing electrodes, the research status is summarized, and the challenges and opportunities in this growing field are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
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16
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Ethanol Biofuel Cells: Hybrid Catalytic Cascades as a Tool for Biosensor Devices. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11020041. [PMID: 33557146 PMCID: PMC7913944 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofuel cells use chemical reactions and biological catalysts (enzymes or microorganisms) to produce electrical energy, providing clean and renewable energy. Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) have promising characteristics and potential applications as an alternative energy source for low-power electronic devices. Over the last decade, researchers have focused on enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of biosystems and on increasing energy generation and electronic conductivity. Self-powered biosensors can use EBFCs while eliminating the need for an external power source. This review details improvements in EBFC and catalyst arrangements that will help to achieve complete substrate oxidation and to increase the number of collected electrons. It also describes how analytical techniques can be employed to follow the intermediates between the enzymes within the enzymatic cascade. We aim to demonstrate how a high-performance self-powered sensor design based on EBFCs developed for ethanol detection can be adapted and implemented in power devices for biosensing applications.
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17
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Semenova D, Pinto T, Koch M, Gernaey KV, Junicke H. Electrochemical tuning of alcohol oxidase and dehydrogenase catalysis via biosensing towards butanol-1 detection in fermentation media. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112702. [PMID: 33045667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for electrochemical tuning of alcohol oxidase (AOx) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) biocatalysis towards butanol-1 oxidation by incorporating enzymes in various designs of amperometric biosensors is presented. The biosensors were developed by using commercial graphene oxide-based screen-printed electrodes and varying enzyme producing strains, encapsulation approaches (layer-by-layer (LbL) or one-step electrodeposition (EcD)), layers composition and structure, operating conditions (applied potential values) and introducing mediators (Meldola Blue and Prussian Blue) or Pd-nanoparticles (Pd-NPs). Simultaneous analysis/screening of multiple crucial system parameters during the enzyme engineering process allowed to identify within a period of one month that four out of twelve proposed designs demonstrated a good signal reproducibility and linear response (up to 14.6 mM of butanol) under very low applied potentials (from -0.02 to -0.32 V). Their mechanical stability was thoroughly investigated by multi-analytical techniques prior to butanol determination in cell-free samples from an anaerobic butanol fermentation. The EcD-based biosensor that incorporates ADH, NAD+, Pd-NPs and Nafion showed no loss of enzyme activity after preparation and demonstrated capabilities towards low potential (-0.12 V) detection of butanol-1 in fermentation medium (4 mM) containing multiple electroactive species with almost 15 times enhanced sensitivity (0.2282 μA/mM ± 0.05) when compared to the LbL design. Furthermore, the ADH-Nafion bonding for the S. cerevisiae strain was confirmed to be 3 times higher than for E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Semenova
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 228A, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Tiago Pinto
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 228A, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 228A, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helena Junicke
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 228A, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Rojas D, Escarpa A. Electrochemical Sensing Directions for Next-Generation Healthcare: Trends, Challenges, and Frontiers. Anal Chem 2020; 93:167-183. [PMID: 33174738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute Andres M. del Rio, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Chen H, Simoska O, Lim K, Grattieri M, Yuan M, Dong F, Lee YS, Beaver K, Weliwatte S, Gaffney EM, Minteer SD. Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Directions of Bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12903-12993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Fangyuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Erin M. Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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20
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Egmond K, Wright CJC, Livingston M, Kuntsche E. Wearable Transdermal Alcohol Monitors: A Systematic Review of Detection Validity, and Relationship Between Transdermal and Breath Alcohol Concentration and Influencing Factors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1918-1932. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Egmond
- From the Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR) (KE, CJCW, ML, EK) La Trobe University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Cassandra J. C. Wright
- From the Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR) (KE, CJCW, ML, EK) La Trobe University Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Burnet Institute(CJCW) Melbourne Vic. Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (CJCW) Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- From the Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR) (KE, CJCW, ML, EK) La Trobe University Melbourne Vic. Australia
- School of Clinical Neuroscience (ML) Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- From the Centre for Alcohol Policy and Research (CAPR) (KE, CJCW, ML, EK) La Trobe University Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Institute of Psychology (EK) Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
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21
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Kim SB, Koo J, Yoon J, Hourlier-Fargette A, Lee B, Chen S, Jo S, Choi J, Oh YS, Lee G, Won SM, Aranyosi AJ, Lee SP, Model JB, Braun PV, Ghaffari R, Park C, Rogers JA. Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated enzymatic assays for measuring the concentration of ammonia and ethanol in sweat. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:84-92. [PMID: 31776526 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eccrine sweat is a rich and largely unexplored biofluid that contains a range of important biomarkers, from electrolytes, metabolites, micronutrients and hormones to exogenous agents, each of which can change in concentration with diet, stress level, hydration status and physiologic or metabolic state. Traditionally, clinicians and researchers have used absorbent pads and benchtop analyzers to collect and analyze the biochemical constituents of sweat in controlled, laboratory settings. Recently reported wearable microfluidic and electrochemical sensing devices represent significant advances in this context, with capabilities for rapid, in situ evaluations, in many cases with improved repeatability and accuracy. A limitation is that assays performed in these platforms offer limited control of reaction kinetics and mixing of different reagents and samples. Here, we present a multi-layered microfluidic device platform with designs that eliminate these constraints, to enable integrated enzymatic assays with demonstrations of in situ analysis of the concentrations of ammonia and ethanol in microliter volumes of sweat. Careful characterization of the reaction kinetics and their optimization using statistical techniques yield robust analysis protocols. Human subject studies with sweat initiated by warm-water bathing highlight the operational features of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jahyun Koo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jangryeol Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Advanced Research Team, R&D Center, Samsung Display, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17113, South Korea
| | - Aurélie Hourlier-Fargette
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA and Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Shulin Chen
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Seongbin Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jungil Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea
| | - Yong Suk Oh
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Geumbee Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Alexander J Aranyosi
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Stephen P Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Model
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chulwhan Park
- Dept. of Chem. Eng., Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA and Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/Biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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22
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Piro B, Mattana G, Noël V. Recent Advances in Skin Chemical Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204376. [PMID: 31658706 PMCID: PMC6832670 DOI: 10.3390/s19204376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present work: (i) sweat analysis, (ii) skin hydration, (iii) skin wounds, (iv) perspiration of volatile organic compounds, and (v) general skin conditions. For each application, the detection of the most relevant analytes is described in terms of transduction principles and sensor performances. Special attention is paid to the biological fluid collection and storage and devices are also analyzed in terms of reusability and lifetime. This review highlights the existing gaps between current performances and those needed to promote effective commercialization of sensors; future developments are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piro
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Giorgio Mattana
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
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