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Al-Younis ZK, Almajidi YQ, Mansouri S, Ahmad I, Turdialiyev U, O Alsaab H, F Ramadan M, Joshi SK, Alawadi AH, Alsaalamy A. Label-Free Field Effect Transistors (FETs) for Fabrication of Point-of-Care (POC) Biomedical Detection Probes. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38829552 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2356842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Field effect transistors (FETs)-based detection probes are powerful platforms for quantification in biological media due to their sensitivity, ease of miniaturization, and ability to function in biological media. Especially, FET-based platforms have been utilized as promising probes for label-free detections with the potential for use in real-time monitoring. The integration of new materials in the FET-based probe enhances the analytical performance of the developed probes by increasing the active surface area, rejecting interfering agents, and providing the possibility for surface modification. Furthermore, the use of new materials eliminates the need for traditional labeling techniques, providing rapid and cost-effective detection of biological analytes. This review discusses the application of materials in the development of FET-based label-free systems for point-of-care (POC) analysis of different biomedical analytes from 2018 to 2024. The mechanism of action of the reported probes is discussed, as well as their pros and cons were also investigated. Also, the possible challenges and potential for the fabrication of commercial devices or methods for use in clinics were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasir Qasim Almajidi
- Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics), Baghdad College of Medical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sofiene Mansouri
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabiain
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Technologies, Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umid Turdialiyev
- Department of Technical Sciences, Andijan Machine-Building Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - S K Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Ahmed Hussien Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsaalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
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Field-Effect Capacitors Decorated with Ligand-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: Modeling and Experiments. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050334. [PMID: 35624635 PMCID: PMC9139043 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are recognized as highly attractive tunable materials for designing field-effect biosensors with enhanced performance. In this work, we present a theoretical model for electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor capacitors (EISCAP) decorated with ligand-stabilized charged gold nanoparticles. The charged AuNPs are taken into account as additional, nanometer-sized local gates. The capacitance-voltage (C–V) curves and constant-capacitance (ConCap) signals of the AuNP-decorated EISCAPs have been simulated. The impact of the AuNP coverage on the shift of the C–V curves and the ConCap signals was also studied experimentally on Al–p-Si–SiO2 EISCAPs decorated with positively charged aminooctanethiol-capped AuNPs. In addition, the surface of the EISCAPs, modified with AuNPs, was characterized by scanning electron microscopy for different immobilization times of the nanoparticles.
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Kim N, Han K, Su PC, Kim I, Yoon YJ. A rotationally focused flow (RFF) microfluidic biosensor by density difference for early-stage detectable diagnosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9277. [PMID: 33927298 PMCID: PMC8085145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Label-free optical biosensors have received tremendous attention in point-of-care testing, especially in the emerging pandemic, COVID-19, since they advance toward early-detection, rapid, real-time, ease-of-use, and low-cost paradigms. Protein biomarkers testings require less sample modification process compared to nucleic-acid biomarkers'. However, challenges always are in detecting low-concentration for early-stage diagnosis. Here we present a Rotationally Focused Flow (RFF) method to enhance sensitivity(wavelength shift) of label-free optical sensors by increasing the detection probability of protein-based molecules. The RFF is structured by adding a less-dense fluid to focus the target-fluid in a T-shaped microchannel. It is integrated with label-free silicon microring resonators interacting with biotin-streptavidin. The suggested mechanism has demonstrated 0.19 fM concentration detection along with a significant magnitudes sensitivity enhancement compared to single flow methods. Verified by both CFD simulations and fluorescent flow-experiments, this study provides a promising proof-of-concept platform for next-generation lab-on-a-chip bioanalytics such as ultrafast and early-detection of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noori Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University in Singapore, 172A Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8, 05-01 SIT@NYP Building, Singapore, 567739, Singapore
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kyungsup Han
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pei-Chen Su
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Insup Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Yoon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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Purwidyantri A, Domingues T, Borme J, Guerreiro JR, Ipatov A, Abreu CM, Martins M, Alpuim P, Prado M. Influence of the Electrolyte Salt Concentration on DNA Detection with Graphene Transistors. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11010024. [PMID: 33477344 PMCID: PMC7830926 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors (GFET) are ultrasensitive bio-detection platforms carrying out the graphene's exceptional intrinsic functionalities. Buffer and dilution factor are prevalent strategies towards the optimum performance of the GFETs. However, beyond the Debye length (λD), the role of the graphene-electrolytes' ionic species interactions on the DNA behavior at the nanoscale interface is complicated. We studied the characteristics of the GFETs under different ionic strength, pH, and electrolyte type, e.g., phosphate buffer (PB), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS), in an automatic portable built-in system. The electrostatic gating and charge transfer phenomena were inferred from the field-effect measurements of the Dirac point position in single-layer graphene (SLG) transistors transfer curves. Results denote that λD is not the main factor governing the effective nanoscale screening environment. We observed that the longer λD was not the determining characteristic for sensitivity increment and limit of detection (LoD) as demonstrated by different types and ionic strengths of measuring buffers. In the DNA hybridization study, our findings show the role of the additional salts present in PBS, as compared to PB, in increasing graphene electron mobility, electrostatic shielding, intermolecular forces and DNA adsorption kinetics leading to an improved sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Purwidyantri
- Food Quality and Safety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.G.); (A.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Telma Domingues
- 2D Materials and Devices Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Jérôme Borme
- 2D Materials and Devices Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Joana Rafaela Guerreiro
- Food Quality and Safety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.G.); (A.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrey Ipatov
- Food Quality and Safety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.G.); (A.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Catarina M. Abreu
- Nanomedicine Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Marco Martins
- Nano-ICs Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Alpuim
- 2D Materials and Devices Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (T.D.); (J.B.)
- Center of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Prado
- Food Quality and Safety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.G.); (A.I.); (M.P.)
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Voltammetric pH Measurements Using Azure A-Containing Layer-by-Layer Film Immobilized Electrodes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102328. [PMID: 33053708 PMCID: PMC7599638 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
pH is one of the most important properties associated with an aqueous solution and various pH measurement techniques are available. In this study, Azure A-modified poly(methacrylic acid) (AA-PMA) was synthesized used to prepare a layer-by-layer deposited film with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) on a glassy carbon electrode via electrostatic interactions and the multilayer film-immobilized electrode was used to measure pH. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurement were performed. Consequently, the oxidation potential of AA on the electrode changed with pH. As per Nernst's equation, because H+ ions are involved in the redox reaction, the peak potential shifted depending on the pH of the solution. The peak potential shifts are easier to detect by DPV than CV measurement. Accordingly, using electrochemical responses, the pH was successfully measured in the pH range of 3 to 9, and the electrodes were usable for 50 repeated measurements. Moreover, these electrochemical responses were not affected by interfering substances.
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Nanosensors-Assisted Quantitative Analysis of Biochemical Processes in Droplets. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020138. [PMID: 31991863 PMCID: PMC7074628 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a miniaturized lab-on-a-chip detecting system for an all-electric and label-free analysis of the emulsion droplets incorporating the nanoscopic silicon nanowires-based field-effect transistors (FETs). We specifically focus on the analysis of β-galactosidase e.g., activity, which is an important enzyme of the glycolysis metabolic pathway. Furthermore, the efficiency of the synthesis and action of β-galactosidase can be one of the markers for several diseases, e.g., cancer, hyper/hypoglycemia, cell senescence, or other disruptions in cell functioning. We measure the reaction and reaction kinetics-associated shift of the source-to-drain current Isd in the system, which is caused by the change of the ionic strength of the microenvironment. With these results, we demonstrate that the ion-sensitive FETs are able to sense the interior of the aqueous reactors; thus, the conjunction of miniature nanosensors and droplet-based microfluidic systems conceptually opens a new route toward a sensitive, optics-less analysis of biochemical processes.
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