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Jiang M, Li N, Li M, Wang Z, Tian Y, Peng K, Sheng H, Li H, Li Q. E-Nose: Time-Frequency Attention Convolutional Neural Network for Gas Classification and Concentration Prediction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4126. [PMID: 39000905 PMCID: PMC11243837 DOI: 10.3390/s24134126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In the electronic nose (E-nose) systems, gas type recognition and accurate concentration prediction are some of the most challenging issues. This study introduced an innovative pattern recognition method of time-frequency attention convolutional neural network (TFA-CNN). A time-frequency attention block was designed in the network, aiming to excavate and effectively integrate the temporal and frequency domain information in the E-nose signals to enhance the performance of gas classification and concentration prediction tasks. Additionally, a novel data augmentation strategy was developed, manipulating the feature channels and time dimensions to reduce the interference of sensor drift and redundant information, thereby enhancing the model's robustness and adaptability. Utilizing two types of metal-oxide-semiconductor gas sensors, this research conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis on five target gases. The evaluation results showed that the classification accuracy could reach 100%, and the coefficient of the determination (R2) score of the regression task was up to 0.99. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.99, and the mean absolute error (MAE) was 1.54 ppm. The experimental test results were almost consistent with the system predictions, and the MAE was 1.39 ppm. This study provides a method of network learning that combines time-frequency domain information, exhibiting high performance in gas classification and concentration prediction within the E-nose system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglv Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices for Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics & Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (K.P.); (H.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Na Li
- Northwest Survey & Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xi’an 710048, China; (N.L.); (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Mingyong Li
- CSSC AlphaPec Instrument (Hubei) Co., Ltd., Yichang 443005, China;
| | - Zhou Wang
- Northwest Survey & Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xi’an 710048, China; (N.L.); (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- China National Engineering Laboratory for Coal Mining Machinery, CCTEG Taiyuan Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China;
| | - Kaiyan Peng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (K.P.); (H.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Haoran Sheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (K.P.); (H.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Haoyu Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (K.P.); (H.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices for Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics & Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (K.P.); (H.S.); (H.L.)
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Bosch S, de Menezes RX, Pees S, Wintjens DJ, Seinen M, Bouma G, Kuyvenhoven J, Stokkers PCF, de Meij TGJ, de Boer NKH. Electronic Nose Sensor Drift Affects Diagnostic Reliability and Accuracy of Disease-Specific Algorithms. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239246. [PMID: 36501947 PMCID: PMC9740993 DOI: 10.3390/s22239246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensor drift is a well-known disadvantage of electronic nose (eNose) technology and may affect the accuracy of diagnostic algorithms. Correction for this phenomenon is not routinely performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of eNose sensor drift on the development of a disease-specific algorithm in a real-life cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients (IBD). In this multi-center cohort, patients undergoing colonoscopy collected a fecal sample prior to bowel lavage. Mucosal disease activity was assessed based on endoscopy. Controls underwent colonoscopy for various reasons and had no endoscopic abnormalities. Fecal eNose profiles were measured using Cyranose 320®. Fecal samples of 63 IBD patients and 63 controls were measured on four subsequent days. Sensor data displayed associations with date of measurement, which was reproducible across all samples irrespective of disease state, disease activity state, disease localization and diet of participants. Based on logistic regression, corrections for sensor drift improved accuracy to differentiate between IBD patients and controls based on the significant differences of six sensors (p = 0.004; p < 0.001; p = 0.001; p = 0.028; p < 0.001 and p = 0.005) with an accuracy of 0.68. In this clinical study, short-term sensor drift affected fecal eNose profiles more profoundly than clinical features. These outcomes emphasize the importance of sensor drift correction to improve reliability and repeatability, both within and across eNose studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renée X. de Menezes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biostatistics Unit, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Pees
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dion J. Wintjens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Margien Seinen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG West, 1061 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuyvenhoven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis Hospital, 2134 Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. F. Stokkers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG West, 1061 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim G. J. de Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne K. H. de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sun F, Sun R, Yan J. Cross-Domain Active Learning for Electronic Nose Drift Compensation. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1260. [PMID: 36014182 PMCID: PMC9413090 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The problem of drift in the electronic nose (E-nose) is an important factor in the distortion of data. The existing active learning methods do not take into account the misalignment of the data feature distribution between different domains due to drift when selecting samples. For this, we proposed a cross-domain active learning (CDAL) method based on the Hellinger distance (HD) and maximum mean difference (MMD). In this framework, we weighted the HD with the MMD as a criterion for sample selection, which can reflect as much drift information as possible with as few labeled samples as possible. Overall, the CDAL framework has the following advantages: (1) CDAL combines active learning and domain adaptation to better assess the interdomain distribution differences and the amount of information contained in the selected samples. (2) The introduction of a Gaussian kernel function mapping aligns the data distribution between domains as closely as possible. (3) The combination of active learning and domain adaptation can significantly suppress the effects of time drift caused by sensor ageing, thus improving the detection accuracy of the electronic nose system for data collected at different times. The results showed that the proposed CDAL method has a better drift compensation effect compared with several recent methodological frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Sun
- WESTA College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruihong Sun
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia Yan
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Brain-Inspired Computing and Intelligent Control of Chongqing Key Laboratory, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Isaac NA, Pikaar I, Biskos G. Metal oxide semiconducting nanomaterials for air quality gas sensors: operating principles, performance, and synthesis techniques. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:196. [PMID: 35445855 PMCID: PMC9023411 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To meet requirements in air quality monitoring, sensors are required that can measure the concentration of gaseous pollutants at concentrations down to the ppb and ppt levels, while at the same time they exhibiting high sensitivity, selectivity, and short response/recovery times. Among the different sensor types, those employing metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) offer great promises as they can be manufactured in easy/inexpensive ways, and designed to measure the concentration of a wide range of target gases. MOS sensors rely on the adsorption of target gas molecules on the surface of the sensing material and the consequent capturing of electrons from the conduction band that in turn affects their conductivity. Despite their simplicity and ease of manufacturing, MOS gas sensors are restricted by high limits of detection (LOD; which are typically in the ppm range) as well as poor sensitivity and selectivity. LOD and sensitivity can in principle be addressed by nanostructuring the MOSs, thereby increasing their porosity and surface-to-volume ratio, whereas selectivity can be tailored through their chemical composition. In this paper we provide a critical review of the available techniques for nanostructuring MOSs using chemiresistive materials, and discuss how these can be used to attribute desired properties to the end gas sensors. We start by describing the operating principles of chemiresistive sensors, and key material properties that define their performance. The main part of the paper focuses on the available methods for synthesizing nanostructured MOSs for use in gas sensors. We close by addressing the current needs and provide perspectives for improving sensor performance in ways that can fulfill requirements for air quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Isaac
- Fachgebiet Nanotechnologie, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - I Pikaar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - G Biskos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CN, The Netherlands.
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Wojnowski W, Kalinowska K. Machine Learning and Electronic Noses for Medical Diagnostics. Artif Intell Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
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Abstract
The sensor drift problem is objective and inevitable, and drift compensation has essential research significance. For long-term drift, we propose a data preprocessing method, which is different from conventional research methods, and a machine learning framework that supports online self-training and data analysis without additional sensor production costs. The data preprocessing method proposed can effectively solve the problems of sign error, decimal point error, and outliers in data samples. The framework, which we call inertial machine learning, takes advantage of the recent inertia of high classification accuracy to extend the reliability of sensors. We establish a reasonable memory and forgetting mechanism for the framework, and the choice of base classifier is not limited. In this paper, we use a support vector machine as the base classifier and use the gas sensor array drift dataset in the UCI machine learning repository for experiments. By analyzing the experimental results, the classification accuracy is greatly improved, the effective time of the sensor array is extended by 4–10 months, and the time of single response and model adjustment is less than 300 ms, which is well in line with the actual application scenarios. The research ideas and results in this paper have a certain reference value for the research in related fields.
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Machine Learning and Electronic Noses for Medical Diagnostics. Artif Intell Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58080-3_329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vilela A, Bacelar E, Pinto T, Anjos R, Correia E, Gonçalves B, Cosme F. Beverage and Food Fragrance Biotechnology, Novel Applications, Sensory and Sensor Techniques: An Overview. Foods 2019; 8:E643. [PMID: 31817355 PMCID: PMC6963671 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavours and fragrances are especially important for the beverage and food industries. Biosynthesis or extraction are the two main ways to obtain these important compounds that have many different chemical structures. Consequently, the search for new compounds is challenging for academic and industrial investigation. This overview aims to present the current state of art of beverage fragrance biotechnology, including recent advances in sensory and sensor methodologies and statistical techniques for data analysis. An overview of all the recent findings in beverage and food fragrance biotechnology, including those obtained from natural sources by extraction processes (natural plants as an important source of flavours) or using enzymatic precursor (hydrolytic enzymes), and those obtained by de novo synthesis (microorganisms' respiration/fermentation of simple substrates such as glucose and sucrose), are reviewed. Recent advances have been made in what concerns "beverage fragrances construction" as also in their application products. Moreover, novel sensory and sensor methodologies, primarily used for fragrances quality evaluation, have been developed, as have statistical techniques for sensory and sensors data treatments, allowing a rapid and objective analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Vilela
- CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Eunice Bacelar
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.B.); (T.P.); (R.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Teresa Pinto
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.B.); (T.P.); (R.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Rosário Anjos
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.B.); (T.P.); (R.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Elisete Correia
- CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Mathematics, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics (CEMAT), Department of Mathematics, IST-UL, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta Gonçalves
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.B.); (T.P.); (R.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Fernanda Cosme
- CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
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