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Hou L, Akutagawa S, Tomoshige Y, Kimura T. Experimental Investigation for Monitoring Corrosion Using Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:885. [PMID: 38339602 PMCID: PMC10857450 DOI: 10.3390/s24030885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The timely and cost-effective identification of the onset of corrosion and its progress would be critical for effectively maintaining structural integrity. Consequently, a series of fundamental experiments were conducted to capture the corrosion process on a steel plate using a new type of plastic optical fiber (POF) sensor. Electrolytic corrosion experiments were performed on a 5 mm thick steel plate immersed in an aqueous solution. The POF sensor installed on the upper side of the plate and directed downward detected the upward progression of the corrosion zone that formed on the underside of the plate. The results showed that the POF sensors could detect the onset of the upward-progressing corrosion front as it passed the 1 and 2 mm marks related to the thickness of the corroded zone. The POF sensors were designed to optically identify corrosion; therefore, the data obtained by these sensors could be processed using a newly developed graphic application software for smartphones and also identified by the naked eye. This method offered an easy and cost-effective solution for verifying the corrosion state of structural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hou
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Akutagawa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Yuki Tomoshige
- Engineering Department, JFE Shoji Terre One Corporation, 2-1, Otemachi 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; (Y.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Engineering Department, JFE Shoji Terre One Corporation, 2-1, Otemachi 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; (Y.T.); (T.K.)
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Krzyzak A, Kosicka E, Szczepaniak R. Research into the Effect of Grain and the Content of Alundum on Tribological Properties and Selected Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245735. [PMID: 33339186 PMCID: PMC7765582 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The subject of the research is a polymer composite with a matrix base of epoxy resin L285 cured with H285 hardener, and a physical modifier of friction in the form of alundum. The article presents an analysis of findings of tribological examinations. The authors evaluated the influence of the modifier properties in the form of alundum, i.e., mass share and grain size, on the abrasive wear of a composite, defined as loss of weight as well as on roughness parameters and selected mechanical properties. The tribological examinations have been extended by measurements of hardness and density of the prepared composites. The obtained results of tribological examinations showed an increase in the average value of weight loss in relation to the loss of sample weight loss between the cycles. The influence of both the grain size and the mass percentage share of alundum upon the increase in the longitudinal modulus of elasticity was also observed. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that alundum of grain sizes equal to F220 and F240 exerted the best influence on the reduction of abrasive wear of the tested samples. In the case of F220, it was 14.04% of the average value of the weight loss between the cycles for all percentage shares of the used grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Krzyzak
- Faculty of Aeronautics, Military University of Aviation, 08-521 Deblin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewelina Kosicka
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Robert Szczepaniak
- Faculty of Aeronautics, Military University of Aviation, 08-521 Deblin, Poland;
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Lesiak P, Bednarska K, Małkowski K, Kozłowski Ł, Wróblewska A, Sobotka P, Dydek K, Boczkowska A, Osuch T, Anuszkiewicz A, Lewoczko-Adamczyk W, Schröder H, Woliński TR. UV Sensor Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Covered with Graphene Oxide Embedded in Composite Materials. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20195468. [PMID: 32987696 PMCID: PMC7584041 DOI: 10.3390/s20195468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites degrade under the influence of UV radiation in the range of the 290-400 nm band. The degradation of polymer-matrix composites exposed to UV radiation is characterized by extensive aging of the epoxy matrix, resulting in deterioration of their mechanical properties. Glass fibers/epoxy resin composites were made by an out-of-autoclave method whereas a fiber optic sensor was placed between different layers of laminates. In our work, we used a fiber Bragg grating sensor covered with graphene oxide and embedded in a polymer matrix composite to monitor UV radiation intensity. Measurements of UV radiation may allow monitoring the aging process of individual components of the polymer composite. In order to estimate the number of microcracks of epoxy resin, microstructure observations were carried out using a scanning electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Lesiak
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Karolina Bednarska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, 02-822 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Małkowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Łukasz Kozłowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Anna Wróblewska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Piotr Sobotka
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Kamil Dydek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Tomasz Osuch
- Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warszawa, Poland; (T.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Alicja Anuszkiewicz
- Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warszawa, Poland; (T.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Wojciech Lewoczko-Adamczyk
- Abt. SIIT/Optical Interconnection Technology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration (IZM), 13355 Berlin, Germany; (W.L.-A.); (H.S.)
| | - Henning Schröder
- Abt. SIIT/Optical Interconnection Technology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration (IZM), 13355 Berlin, Germany; (W.L.-A.); (H.S.)
| | - Tomasz Ryszard Woliński
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
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Selected Tribological Properties and Vibrations in the Base Resonance Zone of the Polymer Composite Used in the Aviation Industry. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061364. [PMID: 32197358 PMCID: PMC7142479 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The revolution in the global market of composite materials is evidenced by their increasing use in such segments as the transport, aviation, and wind industries. The innovative aspect of this research is the methodology approach, based on the simultaneous analysis of mechanical and tribological loads of composite materials, which are intended for practical use in the construction of aviation parts. Simultaneously, the methodology allows the composition of the composites used in aviation to be optimized. Therefore, the presented tests show the undefined properties of the new material, which are necessary for verification at the application stage. They are also a starting point for further research planned by the authors related to the improvement of the tribological properties of this material. In this article, the selected mechanical and tribological properties of an aviation polymer composite are investigated with the matrix of L285-cured hardener H286 and six reinforcement layers of carbon fabric GG 280P/T. The structure of a polymer composite has a significant influence on its mechanical properties; thus, a tribological analysis in the context of abrasive wear in reciprocating the movement for the specified polymer composite was performed. Moreover, the research was expanded to dynamic analysis for the discussed composite. This is crucial knowledge of material dynamics in the context of aviation design for the conditions of resonance vibrations. For this reason, experimental dynamical investigations were performed to determine the basic resonance of the material and its dynamics behavior response. The research confirmed the assumed hypotheses related to the abrasive wear process for the newly developed material, as well as reporting an empirical evaluation of the dependencies of the resonance zone from the fabric orientation sets.
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