1
|
Li Z, Wang K, Hou C, Li C, Zhang F, Ren W, Dong L, Zhao J. Self-sensing intelligent microrobots for noninvasive and wireless monitoring systems. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:102. [PMID: 37565051 PMCID: PMC10409863 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots have garnered tremendous attention due to their small size, flexible movement, and potential for various in situ treatments. However, functional modification of microrobots has become crucial for their interaction with the environment, except for precise motion control. Here, a novel artificial intelligence (AI) microrobot is designed that can respond to changes in the external environment without an onboard energy supply and transmit signals wirelessly in real time. The AI microrobot can cooperate with external electromagnetic imaging equipment and enhance the local radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field to achieve a large penetration sensing depth and a high spatial resolution. The working ranges are determined by the structure of the sensor circuit, and the corresponding enhancement effect can be modulated by the conductivity and permittivity of the surrounding environment, reaching ~560 times at most. Under the control of an external magnetic field, the magnetic tail can actuate the microrobotic agent to move accurately, with great potential to realize in situ monitoring in different places in the human body, almost noninvasively, especially around potential diseases, which is of great significance for early disease discovery and accurate diagnosis. In addition, the compatible fabrication process can produce swarms of functional microrobots. The findings highlight the feasibility of the self-sensing AI microrobots for the development of in situ diagnosis or even treatment according to sensing signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chaojian Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chunyang Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Fanqing Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Wu Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoo S, Lee J, Joo H, Sunwoo S, Kim S, Kim D. Wireless Power Transfer and Telemetry for Implantable Bioelectronics. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100614. [PMID: 34075721 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronic devices are becoming useful and prospective solutions for various diseases owing to their ability to monitor or manipulate body functions. However, conventional implantable devices (e.g., pacemaker and neurostimulator) are still bulky and rigid, which is mostly due to the energy storage component. In addition to mechanical mismatch between the bulky and rigid implantable device and the soft human tissue, another significant drawback is that the entire device should be surgically replaced once the initially stored energy is exhausted. Besides, retrieving physiological information across a closed epidermis is a tricky procedure. However, wireless interfaces for power and data transfer utilizing radio frequency (RF) microwave offer a promising solution for resolving such issues. While the RF interfacing devices for power and data transfer are extensively investigated and developed using conventional electronics, their application to implantable bioelectronics is still a challenge owing to the constraints and requirements of in vivo environments, such as mechanical softness, small module size, tissue attenuation, and biocompatibility. This work elucidates the recent advances in RF-based power transfer and telemetry for implantable bioelectronics to tackle such challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Joo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoek Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Investigation of the Effects of Electrode Geometry on the Performance of C 4D Sensor with Radial Configuration. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134454. [PMID: 34209920 PMCID: PMC8272098 DOI: 10.3390/s21134454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrodes are basic components of C4D (capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection) sensors, and different electrode structures (the configuration pattern or the electrode geometry) can lead to different measurement results. In this work, the effects of electrode geometry of radial configuration on the measurement performance of C4D sensors are investigated. Two geometrical parameters, the electrode length and the electrode angle, are considered. A FEM (finite element method) model based on the C4D method is developed. With the FEM model, corresponding simulation results of conductivity measurement with different electrode geometry are obtained. Meanwhile, practical experiments of conductivity measurement are also conducted. According to the simulation results and experimental results, the optimal electrode geometry of the C4D sensor with radial configuration is discussed and proposed. The recommended electrode length is 5–10 times of the pipe inner diameter and the recommended electrode angle is 120–160°.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dimitrov KC, Song S, Chang H, Lim T, Lee Y, Kwak BJ. Interdigital Capacitor-Based Passive LC Resonant Sensor for Improved Moisture Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20216306. [PMID: 33167552 PMCID: PMC7663990 DOI: 10.3390/s20216306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a passive low-profile moisture sensor design based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is proposed. The sensor consists of an LC resonant loop, and the sensing mechanism is based on the fringing electric field generated by the capacitor in the circuit. A standard planar inductor and a two-layer interdigital capacitor (IDC) with a significantly higher fringing capacitance compared to that of a conventional parallel plate capacitor (PPC) are used, resulting in improved frequency offset and sensitivity of the sensor. Furthermore, a sensor tag was designed to operate at an 8.2 MHz electronic article surveillance (EAS) frequency range and the corresponding simulation results were experimentally verified. The IDC- and PPC-based capacitor designs were comprehensively compared. The proposed IDC sensor exhibits enhanced sensitivity of 10% in terms of frequency offset that is maintained over time, increased detection distance of 5%, and more than 20% increase in the quality factor compared to sensors based on PPC. The sensor's performance as a urine detector was experimentally qualified. Additionally, it was shown experimentally that the proposed sensor shows a faster response to moisture. Both simulation and experimental data are presented and elucidated herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Chavdarov Dimitrov
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.C.D.); (S.S.); (H.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Sanghun Song
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.C.D.); (S.S.); (H.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Hyungjun Chang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.C.D.); (S.S.); (H.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Taejun Lim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.C.D.); (S.S.); (H.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Yongshik Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.C.D.); (S.S.); (H.C.); (T.L.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hauser PC, Kubáň P. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques - Developments from 2018 to 2020. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461616. [PMID: 33096295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The developments of analytical contactless conductivity measurements based on capacitive coupling over the two years from mid-2018 to mid-2020 are covered. This mostly concerns applications of the technique in zone electrophoresis employing conventional capillaries and to a lesser extent lab-on-chip devices. However, its use for the detection in several other flow-based analytical methods has also been reported. Detection of bubbles and measurements of flow rates in two-phase flows are also recurring themes. A few new applications in stagnant aqueous samples, e.g. endpoint detection in titrations and measurement on paper-based devices, have been reported. Some variations of the design of the measuring cells and their read-out electronics have also been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|