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Akbar MA, Selvaganapathy PR, Kruse P. Continuous Monitoring of Monochloramine in Water, and Its Distinction from Free Chlorine and Dichloramine Using a Functionalized Graphene-Based Array of Chemiresistors. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:4041-4051. [PMID: 39296621 PMCID: PMC11407300 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Monochloramine (MCA) is commonly added to drinking water as a disinfectant to prevent pathogen growth. The generation of MCA at the treatment plant requires tight control over both pH and the ratio of free chlorine (FC) to ammonia to avoid forming undesirable byproducts such as dichloramine (DCA) and trichloramine (TCA), which can impart odor and toxicity to the water. Therefore, continuous monitoring of MCA is essential to ensuring drinking water quality. Currently, standard colorimetric methods to measure MCA rely on the use of reagents and are unsuitable for online monitoring. In addition, other oxidants can interfere with MCA measurement. Here, we present a solid-state, reagent-free MCA sensing method using an array of few-layer graphene (FLG) chemiresistors. The array consists of exfoliated FLG chemiresistors functionalized with specific redox-active molecules that have differential responses to MCA, FC, and DCA over a range of concentrations. Chemometric methods were employed to separate the analytes' responses and to generate multivariate calibration for quantification. A minimum of three sensors are required in the array to maintain full functionality. The array has been demonstrated to quantify MCA in buffered and tap water as a low-cost, reagent-free approach to continuous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ali Akbar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ponnambalam Ravi Selvaganapathy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Peter Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Mikhail IE, Murray E, Bluett S, Astrakhantseva S, Paull B. Simultaneous separation and detection of monochloramine, nitrite, and nitrate by step-gradient mixed-mode ion chromatography: Translation from benchtop to portable ion chromatograph. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342557. [PMID: 38637041 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) can be produced in the distribution systems of chloraminated drinking water due to the nitrification of ammonia. The most applied inorganic chloramine for this purpose, namely monochloramine (NH2Cl), is also released into aquatic environments from water treatment plants' effluent and within industrial waste streams. Within the treatment process, the continuous monitoring of disinfectant levels is necessary to limit the harmful disinfectant by-product (DBP) formation. Currently, NH2Cl can interfere with nutrient analysis in water samples, and there are no analytical techniques available for the simultaneous analysis of NH2Cl, NO2-, and NO3-. RESULTS A green analytical method based on mixed-mode ion chromatography, specifically ion exchange and ion exclusion modes, was developed for the simultaneous separation and detection of NH2Cl, NO2-, and NO3-. The separation was achieved using a Dionex IonPac AG15 column guard column and a step gradient elution involving deionized water and 120.0 mM NaCl. The method was developed using a benchtop HPLC with a custom-made multi-wavelength UV absorbance detector with a 50-mm flow cell to enable the sensitive detection of NH2Cl, NO2-, and NO3- at 240 nm, 220 nm, and 215 nm, respectively. The developed method was then transferred to a portable ion chromatography (IC) system, the Aquamonitrix analyser. The total run time was less than 10 min for both systems. The benchtop HPLC method had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 μg mL-1 as Cl2 for NH2Cl, 0.01 μg mL-1 for NO2-, and 0.03 μg mL-1 for NO3-. The LODs obtained using the portable Aquamonitrix analyser were found to be 0.36 μg mL-1 as Cl2, 0.02 μg mL-1, and 0.11 μg mL-1 for NH2Cl, NO2-, and NO3-, respectively. Excellent linearity (r ≥ 0.9999) was achieved using the portable analyser over the studied concentration ranges. The developed system was applied to the analysis of spiked municipal drinking water samples and showed excellent repeatability for the three analytes at three different concentration levels (RSD of triplicate recovery experiments ≤ 1.9 %). Moreover, the variation in retention time was negligible for the three target analytes with RSD ≤ 0.8 % over 12 runs. SIGNIFICANCE We are reporting the first ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous separation and detection of NH2Cl, NO2-, and NO3- in water samples. The monitoring of NH2Cl, NO2-, and NO3- is critical for the determination of disinfectant dosing, water quality, and nitrification status. The developed method can be applied using a benchtop HPLC or via the portable automated IC system to monitor for the three target compounds analysis in water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraam E Mikhail
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Eoin Murray
- Research & Development, Aquamonitrix Ltd., Tullow, Carlow, Ireland; Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Simon Bluett
- Research & Development, Aquamonitrix Ltd., Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Snezhana Astrakhantseva
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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Abar T, Mestdagh H, Heninger M, Lemaire J. Analysis of VOCs in Liquids through Vaporization in a Tubular Oven Monitored by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1048. [PMID: 38400206 PMCID: PMC10891908 DOI: 10.3390/s24041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical compounds present at trace levels in liquids is important not only for environmental measurements but also, for example, in the health sector. The reference technique for the analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in liquids is GC, which is difficult to use with an aqueous matrix. In this work, we present an alternative technique to GC to analyze VOCs in water. A tubular oven is used to completely vaporize the liquid sample deposited on a gauze. The oven is heated in the presence of a dinitrogen flow, and the gas is analyzed at the exit of the oven by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer developed in our laboratory. It is a low magnetic field Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) optimized for real-time analysis. The Proton Transfer Reaction (PTR) used during the Chemical Ionization event results in the selective ionization of the VOCs present in the gas phase. The optimization of the desorption conditions is described for the main operating parameters: temperature ramp, liquid quantity, and nitrogen flow. Their influence is studied using a 100 ppmv aqueous toluene solution. The analytical method is then tested on a mixture of seven VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Heninger
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (T.A.); (H.M.); (J.L.)
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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 2: Sampling, Sample Preparation and Non-Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric-Based Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1851-1870. [PMID: 36288103 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2135984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of seawater forms a range of secondary oxidative species, collectively termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs). These compounds do not have the same biocidal efficacy, the same fate and behavior in the marine environment, the same potential formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs), nor the same effects on marine organisms. Their chemical speciation is an important step toward an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of chlorination and the potential impacts of its releases, among others. The aim of this paper - which is the second of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to cover all aspects related to CPOs analysis in seawater, from sampling to instrumental determination. First, it discusses the procedures involved in synthesis, storage, and standardization of analytical standards. Second, it deals with sampling and sample preparation, addressing all relevant issues related to these two key steps. Third, it provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the colorimetric, titrimetric, and electrochemical methods used for CPOs determination and thoroughly discusses their advantages and limitations. Finally, this review ends with some recommendations for progress in the field of CPO analysis with the three aforementioned approaches. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric-based methods will be covered in the third and final article (Part III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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Mensah AT, Allard S, Berne F, Soreau S, Gallard H. Brominated trihalamines in chlorinated seawaters: Quantification of tribromamine and identification of bromochloramines by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154667. [PMID: 35314219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of seawater, the presence of bromide and ammonia alters the speciation of the oxidant and lead to the formation of chlorinated and brominated amines. This can affect the effectiveness of the disinfection treatment and the formation of disinfection by-products released to the environment. In this study, a Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) analytical method was developed to differentiate brominated trihalamines (i.e. tribromamine NBr3, dibromochloramine NBr2Cl and bromodichloramine NBrCl2) in synthetic and natural chlorinated seawater. A mass-to-charge ratio of m/z = 253 corresponding to the parent ion was used for the quantification of NBr3 in absence of organic matter and the signal of the fragment at m/z = 177 was chosen in presence of high concentration of organic matter. Limits of detection were 0.23 μM (49 μg Cl2/L) and 0.18 μM (38 μg Cl2/L) for m/z 253 and m/z 177, respectively. Both NBr2Cl and NBrCl2 were monitored in chlorinated seawaters with their respective parent ion at m/z = 207 and m/z = 163 but were not quantified. MIMS results also showed that reaction of brominated trihalamines with natural organic matter (NOM) was a minor pathway for 1-2 mg C/L compared to their auto-decomposition in natural or synthetic seawater. Overall, MIMS was able to unambiguously differentiate and monitor brominated trihalamines for the first time in chlorinated seawater, which was not possible by using UV measurement, titration and colorimetric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
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Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S, Kinani S. Challenges and opportunities for on-line monitoring of chlorine-produced oxidants in seawater using portable membrane-introduction Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:885-900. [PMID: 33211126 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the first evaluation of a MIMS device equipped with a high-resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) for comprehensive speciation of chlorine-produced oxidants (CPO) in seawater. A total of 40 model compounds were studied: 4 inorganic haloamines (mono-, di-, and trichloramine and monobromamine), 22 organic N-haloamines, 12 N-haloamino acids, and 2 free oxidants (HOCl/ClO- and HOBr/BrO-). The main key factors influencing the analytes' introduction and their detection were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the rise and fall times of the MIMS signal ranged from 8 to 79 min and from 7 to 73 min, respectively, depending on the compound. Free oxidants and N-haloamino acids, which are ionic or too polar at seawater pH, hardly crossed the membrane, and MIMS analysis was thus unsuitable. Nevertheless, better enrichment and therefore better sensitivity were achieved with organic N-haloamines than with inorganic haloamines. The observed detection limits ranged from tens of μM to sub-μM levels. Oxidant decomposition occurred inside the MIMS device, at a higher rate for N-bromamines than for chlorinated analogues.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), 6 Quai Watier, 78401, Chatou Cedex 01, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), 6 Quai Watier, 78401, Chatou Cedex 01, France.
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Is It Possible to Measure Monobromamine Using Colorimetric Methods Based on the Berthelot Reaction, Like for Monochloramine? ANALYTICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical methods based on the Berthelot reaction were recently adapted for determining monochloramine (MCA: NH2Cl) in freshwater. The specificity of the Berthelot reaction with regard to MCA is related to the need for two exchangeable hydrogen atoms to form indophenol blue. MCA can thus be distinguished from organic N-chloramines, which have only one exchangeable hydrogen atom. Monobromamine (MBA: NH2Br) may be formed during chlorination of seawater containing ammonium ions. Quantifying MBA is quite challenging and no method has been reported for its specific determination in seawater. As MBA also has two exchangeable hydrogen atoms, its reactivity might be analogous to that of MCA, but this hypothesis has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of the so-called “indophenol method” for the determination of the MBA in freshwater and seawater samples. The reaction between MBA and Berthelot reagents was studied in both ultrapure water and artificial seawater. The reaction products were characterized by using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT–ICR MS), and UV–vis spectroscopy. Results showed that colorimetric methods based on the Berthelot reaction were not suitable for measuring MBA in freshwater or seawater, since NH2Br reacts with alkaline phenol derivative via electrophilic substitution to form ortho- and para-brominated phenols instead of forming indophenol.
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