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Verho S, Chung JY. Design of a Compact and Minimalistic Intermediate Phase Shifting Feed Network for Ka-Band Electrical Beam Steering. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1235. [PMID: 38400396 PMCID: PMC10892646 DOI: 10.3390/s24041235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Intermediate phase shifting is a footprint- and cost-reduction technique for reconfigurable feed networks. These feed networks are utilized in antenna arrays to perform electrical beam steering. In intermediate phase shifting, a phase shifter is shared between two adjacent antennas. Conventionally, antennas only have individual phase shifters. With shared phase shifters, we reduce the number of components and the footprint by 25%. Consequently, this decreases the price and enables designs at millimeter-wave frequencies where space is limited due to frequency-dependent antenna spacing. This intermediate phase shifting is demonstrated by designing a reconfigurable feed network for the Ka-band that generates a continuous phase shift profile for beam steering. Due to the use of varactors and a novel biasing method, it does not require expensive beamformer integrated chips or lumped components for biasing. The feed network is combined with a 4 × 4 antenna array to demonstrate its beam-steering capabilities. The result is a high-density and minimalistic design that fits in a small volume of 25.6 × 25.6 × 0.95 mm3. With this small antenna array, the main beam is steered at ±40∘ broadside, providing full 1D and restricted 2D steering. It is a potential candidate for wireless sensor and mobile networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Young Chung
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Butt MA, Piramidowicz R. Orthogonal mode couplers for plasmonic chip based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide for temperature sensing application. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3474. [PMID: 38347117 PMCID: PMC10861480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a plasmonic sensor based on metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide for temperature sensing application is numerically investigated via finite element method (FEM). The resonant cavity filled with PDMS polymer is side-coupled to the MIM bus waveguide. The sensitivity of the proposed device is ~ - 0.44 nm/°C which can be further enhanced to - 0.63 nm/°C by embedding a period array of metallic nanoblocks in the center of the cavity. We comprehend the existence of numerous highly attractive and sensitive plasmonic sensor designs, yet a notable gap exists in the exploration of light coupling mechanisms to these nanoscale waveguides. Consequently, we introduced an attractive approach: orthogonal mode couplers designed for plasmonic chips, which leverage MIM waveguide-based sensors. The optimized transmission of the hybrid system including silicon couplers and MIM waveguide is in the range of - 1.73 dB to - 2.93 dB for a broad wavelength range of 1450-1650 nm. The skillful integration of these couplers not only distinguishes our plasmonic sensor but also positions it as a highly promising solution for an extensive array of sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Butt
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Dalal K, Sharma Y. Plasmonic switches based on VO 2as the phase change material. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:142001. [PMID: 38100839 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in the design and development of plasmonic switches based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) is presented. Plasmonic switches are employed in applications such as integrated photonics, plasmonic logic circuits and computing networks for light routing and switching, and are based on the switching of the plasmonic properties under the effect of an external stimulus. In the last few decades, plasmonic switches have seen a significant growth because of their ultra-fast switching speed, wide spectral tunability, ultra-compact size, and low losses. In this review, first, the mechanism of the semiconductor to metal phase transition in VO2is discussed and the reasons for employing VO2over other phase change materials for plasmonic switching are described. Subsequently, an exhaustive review and comparison of the current state-of-the-art plasmonic switches based on VO2proposed in the last decade is carried out. As the phase transition in VO2can be activated by application of temperature, voltage or optical light pulses, this review paper has been categorized into thermally-activated, electrically-activated, and optically-activated plasmonic switches based on VO2operating in the visible, near-infrared, infrared and terahertz frequency regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Dalal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Yashna Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
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4
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Dyshlyuk AV, Proskurin A, Bogdanov AA, Vitrik OB. Scattering Amplitude of Surface Plasmon Polariton Excited by a Finite Grating. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2091. [PMID: 37513101 PMCID: PMC10385608 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Unusual optical properties of laser-ablated metal surfaces arise from the excitation of local plasmon resonances in nano- and microstructures produced by laser-processing and from the mutual interaction of those structures through surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves. This interaction provides a synergistic effect, which can make the optical properties of the composite nanostructure drastically different from the properties of its elements. At the same time, the prediction and analysis of these properties are hampered by the complexity of the analytical solution to the problem of SPP excitation by surface objects of arbitrary configuration. Such a problem can be reduced to a simpler one if one considers the geometry of a structured surface as a superposition of harmonic Fourier components. Therefore, the analytical solution to the problem of surface plasmon polariton excitation through the scattering of light by a sinusoidally perturbed plasmonic metal/vacuum boundary becomes very important. In this work, we show that this problem can be solved using a well-known method for calculating guided-mode amplitudes in the presence of current sources, which is used widely in the waveguide theory. The calculations are carried out for the simplest 2D cases of (1) a sinusoidal current of finite length and (2) a finite-length sinusoidal corrugation on a plasmonic metal surface illuminated by a normally incident plane wave. The analytical solution is compared with the results of numerical simulations. It is shown that, in the first case, the analytical and numerical solutions agree almost perfectly. In the second case, the analytical solution correctly predicts the optimum height of the corrugation xopt, providing the maximum SPP excitation efficiency. At the same time, the analytical and numerical values of the SPP amplitude agree very well when the corrugation height x turns out to be x≪xopt or x≫xopt (at least up to 3xopt); at x=xopt, the mismatch of those does not exceed 25%. The limitations of the analytical model leading to such a mismatch are discussed. We believe that the presented approach is useful for modeling various phenomena associated with SPP excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Dyshlyuk
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
- School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690090, Russia
- School of Information Technologies, Vladivostok State University, Vladivostok 690014, Russia
| | - Alexey Proskurin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Andrey A Bogdanov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Sansha Road 1777, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Oleg B Vitrik
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
- School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690090, Russia
- School of Information Technologies, Vladivostok State University, Vladivostok 690014, Russia
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5
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Damasceno GHB, Carvalho WOF, Cerqueira Sodré A, Oliveira ON, Mejía-Salazar JR. Magnetoplasmonic Nanoantennas for On-Chip Reconfigurable Optical Wireless Communications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8617-8623. [PMID: 36689678 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
On-chip wireless communications require optical nanoantennas with dynamically tunable radiation patterns, which may allow for higher integration with multiple nanoantennas instead of two fixed nanoantennas in existing approaches. In this paper, we introduce a concept to enable active manipulation of radiated beam steering using applied magnetic fields. The proposed system consists of a highly directive Yagi-Uda-like arrangement of magnetoplasmonic nanoribs made of Co6Ag94 and immersed in SiO2. Numerical demonstration of the tilting of the radiated beam from the nanoantenna on its plane is provided with full-wave electromagnetic simulations using the finite element method. The tilt direction of the radiated beam can be changed by reversing the magnetization direction, while the conventional plasmonic nanoantenna pattern is recovered by demagnetizing the system. The geometry of the nanoantenna can be tailored to work at optical or infrared wavelengths, but a proof of concept for λ = 700 nm is conducted for taking advantage of the high magneto-optical activity of Co6Ag94. The design was based on experimental data for materials that can be fabricated via nanolithography, thus permitting magnetically on-chip reconfigurable optical wireless communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H B Damasceno
- National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), Santa Rita do Sapucaí37540-000, MG, Brazil
| | - William O F Carvalho
- National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), Santa Rita do Sapucaí37540-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Arismar Cerqueira Sodré
- National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), Santa Rita do Sapucaí37540-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, CP 369, Sao Carlos13560-970, SP, Brazil
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Calzolari A, Oses C, Toher C, Esters M, Campilongo X, Stepanoff SP, Wolfe DE, Curtarolo S. Plasmonic high-entropy carbides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5993. [PMID: 36220810 PMCID: PMC9553889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering multifunctional materials with tunable plasmonic properties, capable of surviving harsh environments is critical for advanced optical and telecommunication applications. We chose high-entropy transition-metal carbides because of their exceptional thermal, chemical stability, and mechanical properties. By integrating computational thermodynamic disorder modeling and time-dependent density functional theory characterization, we discovered a crossover energy in the infrared and visible range, corresponding to a metal-to-dielectric transition, exploitable for plasmonics. It was also found that the optical response of high-entropy carbides can be largely tuned from the near-IR to visible when changing the transition metal components and their concentration. By monitoring the electronic structures, we suggest rules for optimizing optical properties and designing tailored high-entropy ceramics. Experiments performed on the archetype carbide HfTa4C5 yielded plasmonic properties from room temperature to 1500K. Here we propose plasmonic transition-metal high-entropy carbides as a class of multifunctional materials. Their combination of plasmonic activity, high-hardness, and extraordinary thermal stability will result in yet unexplored applications. Tunable plasmonic materials capable of surviving harsh environments are critical for advanced applications. Here, the authors report that some high-entropy transition-metal carbides can satisfy the requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corey Oses
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cormac Toher
- Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Marco Esters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiomara Campilongo
- Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sergei P Stepanoff
- Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Douglas E Wolfe
- Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stefano Curtarolo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Damasceno GHB, Carvalho WOF, Mejía-Salazar JR. Design of Plasmonic Yagi-Uda Nanoantennas for Chip-Scale Optical Wireless Communications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7336. [PMID: 36236435 PMCID: PMC9570515 DOI: 10.3390/s22197336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical wireless transmission has recently become a major cutting-edge alternative for on-chip/inter-chip communications with higher transmission speeds and improved power efficiency. Plasmonic nanoantennas, the building blocks of this new nanoscale communication paradigm, require precise design to have directional radiation and improved communication ranges. Particular interest has been paid to plasmonic Yagi-Uda, i.e., the optical analog of the conventional Radio Frequency (RF) Yagi-Uda design, which may allow directional radiation of plasmonic fields. However, in contrast to the RF model, an overall design strategy for the directional and optimized front-to-back ratio of the radiated far-field patterns is lacking. In this work, a guide for the optimized design of Yagi-Uda plasmonic nanoantennas is shown. In particular, five different design conditions are used to study the effects of sizes and spacing between the constituent parts (made of Au). Importantly, it is numerically demonstrated (using the scattered fields) that closely spaced nanoantenna elements are not appropriated for directional light-to-plasmon conversion/radiation. In contrast, if the elements of the nanoantenna are widely spaced, the structure behaves like a one-dimensional array of nanodipoles, producing a funnel-like radiation pattern (not suitable for on-chip wireless optical transmission). Therefore, based on the results here, it can be concluded that the constituent metallic rib lengths must be optimized to exhibit the resonance at the working wavelength, whilst their separations should follow the relation λeff/π, where λeff indicates the effective wavelength scaling for plasmonic nanostructures.
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Dolgopolova EA, Li D, Hartman ST, Watt J, Ríos C, Hu J, Kukkadapu R, Casson J, Bose R, Malko AV, Blake AV, Ivanov S, Roslyak O, Piryatinski A, Htoon H, Chen HT, Pilania G, Hollingsworth JA. Strong Purcell enhancement at telecom wavelengths afforded by spinel Fe 3O 4 nanocrystals with size-tunable plasmonic properties. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:267-275. [PMID: 34908075 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the field of nanoplasmonics have the potential to advance applications from information processing and telecommunications to light-based sensing. Traditionally, nanoscale noble metals such as gold and silver have been used to achieve the targeted enhancements in light-matter interactions that result from the presence of localized surface plasmons (LSPs). However, interest has recently shifted to intrinsically doped semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) for their ability to display LSP resonances (LSPRs) over a much broader spectral range, including the infrared (IR). Among semiconducting plasmonic NCs, spinel metal oxides (sp-MOs) are an emerging class of materials with distinct advantages in accessing the telecommunications bands in the IR and affording useful environmental stability. Here, we report the plasmonic properties of Fe3O4 sp-MO NCs, known previously only for their magnetic functionality, and demonstrate their ability to modify the light-emission properties of telecom-emitting quantum dots (QDs). We establish the synthetic conditions for tuning sp-MO NC size, composition and doping characteristics, resulting in unprecedented tunability of electronic behavior and plasmonic response over 450 nm. In particular, with diameter-dependent variations in free-electron concentration across the Fe3O4 NC series, we introduce a strong NC size dependency onto the optical response. In addition, our observation of plasmonics-enhanced decay rates from telecom-emitting QDs reveals Purcell enhancement factors for simple plasmonic-spacer-emitter sandwich structures up to 51-fold, which are comparable to values achieved previously only for emitters in the visible range coupled with conventional noble metal NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Dolgopolova
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Dongfang Li
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Steven T Hartman
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - John Watt
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Carlos Ríos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ravi Kukkadapu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Joanna Casson
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Riya Bose
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Anton V Malko
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Anastasia V Blake
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Sergei Ivanov
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Oleksiy Roslyak
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Han Htoon
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Ghanshyam Pilania
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hollingsworth
- Materials Physics and Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Carvalho WOF, Mejía-Salazar JR. Surface Plasmon Resonances in Sierpinski-Like Photonic Crystal Fibers: Polarization Filters and Sensing Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25204654. [PMID: 33065967 PMCID: PMC7587391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the plasmonic behavior of a fractal photonic crystal fiber, with Sierpinski-like circular cross-section, and its potential applications for refractive index sensing and multiband polarization filters. Numerical results were obtained using the finite element method through the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics®. A set of 34 surface plasmon resonances was identified in the wavelength range from λ=630 nm to λ=1700 nm. Subsets of close resonances were noted as a consequence of similar symmetries of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) modes. Polarization filtering capabilities are numerically shown in the telecommunication windows from the O-band to the L-band. In the case of refractive index sensing, we used the wavelength interrogation method in the wavelength range from λ=670 nm to λ=790 nm, where the system exhibited a sensitivity of S(λ)=1951.43 nm/RIU (refractive index unit). Due to the broadband capabilities of our concept, we expect that it will be useful to develop future ultra-wide band optical communication infrastructures, which are urgent to meet the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth-hungry devices.
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