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Xiong S, Li Q, Yang A, Zhu L, Li P, Xue K, Yang J. State Evaluation of Self-Powered Wireless Sensors Based on a Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9267. [PMID: 38005653 PMCID: PMC10675749 DOI: 10.3390/s23229267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The energy harvesters used in self-powered wireless sensing technology, which has the potential to completely solve the power supply problem of the sensing nodes from the source, usually require mechanical movement or operate in harsh environments, resulting in a significant reduction in device lifespan and reliability. Therefore, the influencing factors and failure mechanisms of the operating status of self-powered wireless sensors were analyzed, and an innovative evaluation index system was proposed, which includes 4 primary indexes and 13 secondary indexes, including energy harvesters, energy management circuits, wireless communication units, and sensors. Next, the weights obtained from the subjective analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and objective CRITIC weight method were fused to obtain the weights of each index. A self-powered sensor evaluation scheme (FE-SPS) based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was implemented by constructing a fuzzy evaluation model. The advantage of this scheme is that it can determine the current health status of the system based on its output characteristics. Finally, taking vibration energy as an example, the operational status of the self-powered wireless sensors after 200 h of operation was comprehensively evaluated. The experimental results show that the test self-powered wireless sensor had the highest score of "normal", which is 0.4847, so the evaluation result was "normal". In this article, a reliability evaluation strategy for self-powered wireless sensor was constructed to ensure the reliable operation of self-powered wireless sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Xiong
- China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiuyang Li
- China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Aichao Yang
- State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Power Supply Service Management Center, Nanchang 330032, China; (A.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liang Zhu
- State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Power Supply Service Management Center, Nanchang 330032, China; (A.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Peng Li
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (P.L.); (K.X.)
| | - Kaiwen Xue
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (P.L.); (K.X.)
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (P.L.); (K.X.)
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2
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Lai SC, Wang ST, Liu KL, Wu CY. A Remote Monitoring System for Rodent Infestation Based on LoRaWAN. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094185. [PMID: 37177388 PMCID: PMC10180839 DOI: 10.3390/s23094185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rodent infestations are a common problem that can result in several issues, including diseases, damage to property, and crop loss. Conventional methods of controlling rodent infestations often involve using mousetraps and applying rodenticides manually, leading to high manpower expenses and environmental pollution. To address this issue, we introduce a system for remotely monitoring rodent infestations using Internet of Things (IoT) nodes equipped with Long Range (LoRa) modules. The sensing nodes wirelessly transmit data related to rodent activity to a cloud server, enabling the server to provide real-time information. Additionally, this approach involves using images to auxiliary detect rodent activity in various buildings. By capturing images of rodents and analyzing their behavior, we can gain insight into their movement patterns and activity levels. By visualizing the recorded information from multiple nodes, rodent control personnel can analyze and address infestations more efficiently. Through the digital and quantitative sensing technology proposed at this stage, it can serve as a new objective indicator before and after the implementation of medication or other prevention and control methods. The hardware cost for the proposed system is approximately USD 43 for one sensor module and USD 17 for one data collection gateway (DCG). We also evaluated the power consumption of the sensor module and found that the 3.7 V 18,650 Li-ion batteries in series can provide a battery life of two weeks. The proposed system can be combined with rodent control strategies and applied in real-world scenarios such as restaurants and factories to evaluate its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Chi Lai
- Department of Automation Engineering, National Formosa University, Huwei 632301, Taiwan
- Smart Machinery and Intelligent Manufacturing Research Center, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632301, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ting Wang
- Doctor's Program of Smart Industry Technology Research and Design, National Formosa University, Huwei 632301, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Automation Engineering, National Formosa University, Huwei 632301, Taiwan
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3
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Liang MC, Chen HE, Tfwala SS, Lin YF, Chen SC. The Application of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks to Monitor Seepage inside an Earth Dam. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3795. [PMID: 37112135 PMCID: PMC10143715 DOI: 10.3390/s23083795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Earth dams or embankments are susceptible to instability due to internal seepage, piping, and erosion, which can lead to catastrophic failure. Therefore, monitoring the seepage water level before the dam collapses is an important task for early warning of dam failure. Currently, there are hardly any monitoring methods that use wireless underground transmission to monitor the water content inside earth dams. Real-time monitoring of changes in the soil moisture content can more directly determine the water level of seepage. Wireless transmission of sensors buried underground requires signal transmission through the soil medium, which is more complex than traditional air transmission. Henceforth, this study establishes a wireless underground transmission sensor that overcomes the distance limitation of underground transmission through a hop network. A series of feasibility tests were conducted on the wireless underground transmission sensor, including peer-to-peer transmission tests, multi-hop underground transmission tests, power management tests, and soil moisture measurement tests. Finally, field seepage tests were conducted to apply wireless underground transmission sensors to monitor the internal seepage water level before an earth dam failure. The findings show that wireless underground transmission sensors can achieve the monitoring of seepage water levels inside earth dams. In addition, the results supersede those of a conventional water level gauge. This could be crucial in early warning systems during the era of climate change, which has caused unprecedented flooding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chih Liang
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (H.-E.C.)
| | - Hung-En Chen
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (H.-E.C.)
| | - Samkele S. Tfwala
- Department of Geography, Environmental Science and Planning, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni M201, Eswatini;
| | - Yu-Feng Lin
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No.43, Keelung Rd., Sec.4, Da’an Dist., Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Chin Chen
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (H.-E.C.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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4
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Griva AI, Boursianis AD, Wan S, Sarigiannidis P, Psannis KE, Karagiannidis G, Goudos SK. LoRa-Based IoT Network Assessment in Rural and Urban Scenarios. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23031695. [PMID: 36772734 PMCID: PMC9920130 DOI: 10.3390/s23031695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of smart networks has made great progress due to the development of the Internet of Things (IoT). LoRa is one of the most prominent technologies in the Internet of Things industry, primarily due to its ability to achieve long-distance transmission while consuming less power. In this work, we modeled different environments and assessed the performances of networks by observing the effects of various factors and network parameters. The path loss model, the deployment area size, the transmission power, the spreading factor, the number of nodes and gateways, and the antenna gain have a significant effect on the main performance metrics such as the energy consumption and the data extraction rate of a LoRa network. In order to examine these parameters, we performed simulations in OMNeT++ using the open source framework FLoRa. The scenarios which were investigated in this work include the simulation of rural and urban environments and a parking area model. The results indicate that the optimization of the key parameters could have a huge impact on the deployment of smart networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini I. Griva
- ELEDIA@AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Achilles D. Boursianis
- ELEDIA@AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Shaohua Wan
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Panagiotis Sarigiannidis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50131 Kozani, Greece
| | - Konstantinos E. Psannis
- Department of Applied Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Macedonia, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Karagiannidis
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios K. Goudos
- ELEDIA@AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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5
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Alghamdi AM, Khairullah EF, Al mojamed MM. LoRaWAN Performance Analysis for a Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection System in a Housing Complex. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197188. [PMID: 36236287 PMCID: PMC9573328 DOI: 10.3390/s22197188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The automation of water leakage detection and monitoring systems has recently been made possible by the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the high cost is an obstacle when applying a network over a large area. The Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) was created specifically to address long-range IoT applications. The Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most common LPWANs. In this study, a method for monitoring and detecting water leakage in a housing complex was tested using LoRaWAN. Water leakage was detected using a low-pressure system model comprising a water meter, presser sensor, and smart valve within a LoRa node. This study investigates the use of LoRaWAN for water monitoring and leakage detection by implementing a comprehensive case study to identify LoRaWAN's feasibility, reliability, and scalability for water monitoring and leakage detection in simulated scenarios. The housing complex varied in size and number of nodes. The LoRaWAN was evaluated by the FloRa simulator package through the Objective Modular Network Testbed (OMNeT++) platform. The results indicated that it was an efficient means of water monitoring and leakage detection in housing complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheer M. Alghamdi
- Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas F. Khairullah
- Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al mojamed
- Computer Science Department, Computing College-Al-Qunfudah, UMM Al-QURA University, Al-Qunfudah 28814, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Ould S, Guertler M, Hanna P, Bennett NS. Internet-of-Things-Enabled Smart Bed Rail for Application in Hospital Beds. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155526. [PMID: 35898030 PMCID: PMC9330765 DOI: 10.3390/s22155526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an atypical offline based LoRaWAN application for use in hospital settings, where the ability to maintain network connectivity during internet connection disruption is paramount. A prototype bed rail is demonstrated, providing advanced functionality compared to traditional bed rails. The manufactured prototype provides data to a nurses station reliably and operates under battery backup. The power consumption of the system under different transmission intervals was tested, allowing appropriate battery sizing for different applications to be specified accurately. It is expected that a single LoRaWAN gateway will be able to cover bed rails across an entire modern hospital, allowing minimal infrastructure cost to implement the device or application in a rapidly deployed field hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ould
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.G.); (P.H.)
| | - Matthias Guertler
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.G.); (P.H.)
| | - Pavlos Hanna
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.G.); (P.H.)
| | - Nick S. Bennett
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.G.); (P.H.)
- Radio Frequency and Communication Technologies (RFCT) Lab, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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7
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Anzum R, Habaebi MH, Islam MR, Hakim GPN, Khandaker MU, Osman H, Alamri S, AbdElrahim E. A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage's Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5397. [PMID: 35891077 PMCID: PMC9317254 DOI: 10.3390/s22145397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Palm oil is the main cash crop of tropical Asia, and the implementation of LPWAN (low-power wide-area network) technologies for smart agriculture applications in palm oil plantations will benefit the palm oil industry in terms of making more revenue. This research attempts to characterize the LoRa 433 MHz frequency channels for the available spreading factors (SF7-SF12) and bandwidths (125 kHz, 250 kHz, and 500 kHz) for wireless sensor networks. The LoRa channel modeling in terms of path-loss calculation uses empirical measurements of RSS (received signal strength) in a palm oil plantation located in Selangor, Malaysia. In this research, about 1500 LoS (line-of-sight) and 300 NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation measurement data are collected for path-loss prediction modeling. Using the empirical data, a prediction model is constructed. The path-loss exponent for LoS propagation of the proposed prediction model is found to be 2.34 and 2.9 for 125-250 kHz bandwidth and 500 kHz bandwidth, respectively. Again, for the NLoS propagation links, the attenuation per trunk is found to be 7.58 dB, 7.04 dB, 5.35 dB, 5.02 dB, 5.01 dB, and 5 dB for SF7-SF12, and the attenuation per canopy is found to be 9.32 dB, 7.96 dB, 6.2 dB, 5.89 dB, 5.79 dB, and 5.45 dB for SF7-SF12. Moreover, the prediction model is found to be the better choice (mean RMSE 2.74 dB) in comparison to the empirical foliage loss models (Weissberger's and ITU-R) to predict the path loss in palm oil plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeya Anzum
- IoT & Wireless Communication Protocols Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering (KOE), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; (R.A.); (M.R.I.); (G.P.N.H.)
| | - Mohamed Hadi Habaebi
- IoT & Wireless Communication Protocols Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering (KOE), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; (R.A.); (M.R.I.); (G.P.N.H.)
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- IoT & Wireless Communication Protocols Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering (KOE), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; (R.A.); (M.R.I.); (G.P.N.H.)
| | - Galang P. N. Hakim
- IoT & Wireless Communication Protocols Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering (KOE), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; (R.A.); (M.R.I.); (G.P.N.H.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 2425, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.O.); (S.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Sultan Alamri
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 2425, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.O.); (S.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Elrashed AbdElrahim
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 2425, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.O.); (S.A.); (E.A.)
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A Communication Framework for Image Transmission through LPWAN Technology. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the conditions of use and selecting which technology is more efficient to apply is required when transmitting information through wireless networks.The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained traction in industry and academia as a paradigm in which information and communication technologies merge to deliver unique solutions by detecting, actuating, calculating, and sharing massive volumes of data via embedded systems. In this scenario, Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) appear to be an attractive solution for node connectivity. Typical IoT solutions demand flexible restrictions for wireless communication networks in terms of data rates and latency in exchange for having larger communication ranges and low energy consumption. Nonetheless, as the amount of data and data speeds demanded for particular applications increase, such as image transmissions, IoT network connectivity deteriorates. This paper proposes a communication architecture for image transmission across LPWAN networks utilizing LoRa modulation. The framework combines image processing techniques (classification, compressive sensing (CS), and reconstruction) with an investigation of LoRa modulation parameters using a Software-Defined Radio (SDR) environment. The results show that is possible to communicate an image of 128×128 pixels with four packets and one frequency channel in 2.51 s.
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9
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Energy Efficiency of IoT Networks for Environmental Parameters of Bulgarian Cities. COMPUTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/computers11050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Building modern Internet of Things (IoT) systems is associated with a number of challenges. One of the most significant among them is the need for wireless technology, which will serve to build connectivity between the individual components of this technology. In the larger cities of Bulgaria, measures to ensure low levels of harmful emissions, reduce noise levels, and ensure comfort in urban environments have been taken. LoRa technology shows more advantages in transmission distance and low energy consumption compared to other technologies. That is why this technology was chosen for the design of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for six cities in Bulgaria. These networks have the potential to be used in IoT configurations. Appropriate modules and devices for building WSN for cities in Bulgaria have been selected. It has been found that the greater number of nodes in the WSN leads to an increase in the average power consumed in the network. On the other hand, depending on the location of these nodes, the energy consumed may decrease. The performance of wireless sensor networks can be optimized by applying appropriate routing protocols, which are proposed in the available literature. The methodology for energy efficiency analysis of WSN can be used in the design of wireless sensor networks to determine the parameters of the environment, with the possibility of application in IoT.
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10
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Energy Performance Analysis and Modelling of LoRa Prototyping Boards. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237992. [PMID: 34883998 PMCID: PMC8659754 DOI: 10.3390/s21237992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LoRaWAN has gained significant attention for Internet-of-Things (IOT) applications due to its low power consumption and long range potential for data transmission. While there is a significant body of work assessing LoRA coverage and data transmission characteristics, there is a lack of data available about commercially available LoRa prototyping boards and their power consumption, in relation to their features. It is currently difficult to estimate the power consumption of a LoRa module operating under different transmission profiles, due to a lack of manufacturer data available. In this study, power testing has been carried out on physical hardware and significant variation was found in the power consumption of competing boards, all marketed as "extremely low power". In this paper, testing results are presented alongside an experimentally-derived power model for the lowest power LoRa module, and power requirements are compared to firmware settings. The power analysis adds to existing work showing trends in data-rate and transmission power settings effects on electrical power consumption. The model's accuracy is experimentally verified and shows acceptable agreement to estimated values. Finally, applications for the model are presented by way of a hypothetical scenario and calculations performed in order to estimate battery life and energy consumption for varying data transmission intervals.
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Adão RMR, Balvís E, Carpentier AV, Michinel H, Nieder JB. Cityscape LoRa Signal Propagation Predicted and Tested Using Real-World Building-Data Based O-FDTD Simulations and Experimental Characterization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2717. [PMID: 33921509 PMCID: PMC8069062 DOI: 10.3390/s21082717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The age of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart cities calls for low-power wireless communication networks, for which the Long-Range (LoRa) is a rising star. Efficient network engineering requires the accurate prediction of the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) spatial distribution. However, the most commonly used models either lack the physical accurateness, resolution, or versatility for cityscape real-world building distribution-based RSSI predictions. For this purpose, we apply the 2D electric field wave-propagation Oscillator Finite-Difference Time-Domain (O-FDTD) method, using the complex dielectric permittivity to model reflection and absorption effects by concrete walls and the receiver sensitivity as the threshold to obtain a simulated coverage area in a 600 × 600 m2 square. Further, we report a simple and low-cost method to experimentally determine the signal coverage area based on mapping communication response-time delays. The simulations show a strong building influence on the RSSI, compared against the Free-Space Path (FSPL) model. We obtain a spatial overlap of 84% between the O-FDTD simulated and experimental signal coverage maps. Our proof-of-concept approach is thoroughly discussed compared to previous works, outlining error sources and possible future improvements. O-FDTD is demonstrated to be most promising for both indoors and outdoors applications and presents a powerful tool for IoT and smart city planners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M. R. Adão
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
- Campus de Ourense s/n, Aerospace Engineering School, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Alicia V. Carpentier
- Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, University of Vigo, Plaza de España, S/N, 36920 Marín, Spain;
| | - Humberto Michinel
- Campus de Ourense s/n, Aerospace Engineering School, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jana B. Nieder
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
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12
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Guo Q, Yang F, Wei J. Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041071. [PMID: 33557384 PMCID: PMC7916015 DOI: 10.3390/s21041071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LoRa technology is currently one of the most popular Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. A substantial number of LoRa devices have been applied in a wide variety of real-world scenarios, and developers can adjust the packet reception performance of LoRa through physical layer parameter configuration to meet the requirements. However, since the important details of the relationship between the physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa remain unknown, it is a challenge to choose the appropriate parameter configuration to meet the requirements of the scenarios. Moreover, with the increase in application scenarios, the requirements for energy consumption become increasingly high. Therefore, it is also a challenge to know how to configure the parameters to maximize the energy efficiency while maintaining a high data rate. In this work, a complex evaluation experiment on the communication capability under a negative Signal to Noise Ratio is presented, and the specific details of the relationship between physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa are clarified. Furthermore, we study the impact of the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, and the experimental results show that when there is a large amount of data to be transmitted, it is better to choose long packets instead of short packets. Finally, considering the influence of physical layer parameters and the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, the optimal parameter combination is explored, so as to propose a transmission scheme with a balanced reliability, delay, and energy consumption. This scheme is the first to consider the physical layer parameters and packet length together to study the communication transmission scheme, which reduces the communication time by 50% compared with the traditional transmission scheme and greatly reduces the energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Guo
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Q.G.); (F.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fengxu Yang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Q.G.); (F.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianming Wei
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Q.G.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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