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Freitas MC, Sanati AL, Lopes PA, Silva AF, Tavakoli M. 3D Printed Gallium Battery with Outstanding Energy Storage: Toward Fully Printed Battery-on-the-Board Soft Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304716. [PMID: 38335309 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The last decade observed rapid progress in soft electronics. Yet, the ultimate desired goal for many research fields is to fabricate fully integrated soft-matter electronics with sensors, interconnects, and batteries, at the ease of pushing a print button. In this work, an important step is taken toward this by demonstrating an ultra-stretchable thin-film Silver-Gallium (Ag-Ga) battery with an unprecedented combination of areal capacity and mechanical strain tolerance. The Biphasic Gallium-Carbon anode electrode demonstrates a record-breaking areal capacity of 78.7 mAh cm-2, and an exceptional stretchability of 170%, showing clear progress over state-of-the-art. The exceptional theoretical capacity of gallium, along with its natural liquid phase self-healing, and its dendrite-free operation permits excellent electromechanical cycling. All composites of the battery including liquid-metal-based current collectors, and electrodes are sinter-free and digitally printable at room temperature, enabling the use of a wide range of substrates, including heat-sensitive polymer films. Consequently, it is demonstrated for the first time multi-layer, and multi-material digital printing of complex battery-on-the-board stretchable devices that integrate printed sensor, multiple cells of printed battery, highly conductive interconnects, and silicone chips, and demonstrate a tailor-made patch for body-worn electrophysiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calisto Freitas
- Soft and Printed Microelectronics Lab, Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Afsaneh L Sanati
- Soft and Printed Microelectronics Lab, Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alhais Lopes
- Soft and Printed Microelectronics Lab, Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - André F Silva
- Soft and Printed Microelectronics Lab, Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Mahmoud Tavakoli
- Soft and Printed Microelectronics Lab, Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
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2
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Niarchou E, Matus V, Rabadan J, Guerra V, Perez-Jimenez R. Optical Camera Communications in Healthcare: A Wearable LED Transmitter Evaluation during Indoor Physical Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2766. [PMID: 38732872 PMCID: PMC11086232 DOI: 10.3390/s24092766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental evaluation of a wearable light-emitting diode (LED) transmitter in an optical camera communications (OCC) system. The evaluation is conducted under conditions of controlled user movement during indoor physical exercise, encompassing both mild and intense exercise scenarios. We introduce an image processing algorithm designed to identify a template signal transmitted by the LED and detected within the image. To enhance this process, we utilize the dynamics of controlled exercise-induced motion to limit the tracking process to a smaller region within the image. We demonstrate the feasibility of detecting the transmitting source within the frames, and thus limit the tracking process to a smaller region within the image, achieving an reduction of 87.3% for mild exercise and 79.0% for intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Niarchou
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (V.M.); (J.R.); (R.P.-J.)
| | - Vicente Matus
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (V.M.); (J.R.); (R.P.-J.)
| | - Jose Rabadan
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (V.M.); (J.R.); (R.P.-J.)
| | | | - Rafael Perez-Jimenez
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (V.M.); (J.R.); (R.P.-J.)
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3
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Tian H, Ma J, Li Y, Xiao X, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhu N, Hou C, Ulstrup J. Electrochemical sensing fibers for wearable health monitoring devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115890. [PMID: 38048721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of health conditions is an emerging strong issue in health care, internet information, and other strongly evolving areas. Wearable electronics are versatile platforms for non-invasive sensing. Among a variety of wearable device principles, fiber electronics represent cutting-edge development of flexible electronics. Enabled by electrochemical sensing, fiber electronics have found a wide range of applications, providing new opportunities for real-time monitoring of health conditions by daily wearing, and electrochemical fiber sensors as explored in the present report are a promising emerging field. In consideration of the key challenges and corresponding solutions for electrochemical sensing fibers, we offer here a timely and comprehensive review. We discuss the principles and advantages of electrochemical sensing fibers and fabrics. Our review also highlights the importance of electrochemical sensing fibers in the fabrication of "smart" fabric designs, focusing on strategies to address key issues in fiber-based electrochemical sensors, and we provide an overview of smart clothing systems and their cutting-edge applications in therapeutic care. Our report offers a comprehensive overview of current developments in electrochemical sensing fibers to researchers in the fields of wearables, flexible electronics, and electrochemical sensing, stimulating forthcoming development of next-generation "smart" fabrics-based electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Junlin Ma
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China
| | - Yaogang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Minwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Gentic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Nan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China.
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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4
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Li S, Li H, Lu Y, Zhou M, Jiang S, Du X, Guo C. Advanced Textile-Based Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:909. [PMID: 37887102 PMCID: PMC10605256 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
With the innovation of wearable technology and the rapid development of biosensors, wearable biosensors based on flexible textile materials have become a hot topic. Such textile-based wearable biosensors promote the development of health monitoring, motion detection and medical management, and they have become an important support tool for human healthcare monitoring. Textile-based wearable biosensors not only non-invasively monitor various physiological indicators of the human body in real time, but they also provide accurate feedback of individual health information. This review examines the recent research progress of fabric-based wearable biosensors. Moreover, materials, detection principles and fabrication methods for textile-based wearable biosensors are introduced. In addition, the applications of biosensors in monitoring vital signs and detecting body fluids are also presented. Finally, we also discuss several challenges faced by textile-based wearable biosensors and the direction of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (S.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
- CCZU-ARK Institute of Carbon Materials, Nanjing 210012, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (S.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Yongcai Lu
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (S.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Minhao Zhou
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (S.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Sai Jiang
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (S.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Xiaosong Du
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (S.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Chang Guo
- CCZU-ARK Institute of Carbon Materials, Nanjing 210012, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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5
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Ha H, Suryaprabha T, Choi C, Chandio ZA, Kim B, Lim S, Cheong JY, Hwang B. Recent research trends in textile-based temperature sensors: a mini review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:422001. [PMID: 37473742 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ace913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the current state of research on textile-based temperature sensors is explored by focusing on their potential use in various applications. The textile-based sensors show various advantages including flexibility, conformability and seamlessness for the wearer. Integration of the textile-based sensors into clothes or fabric-based products enables continuous and sensitive monitoring of change in temperature, which can be used for various medical and fitness applications. However, there are lacks of comprehensive review on the textile-based temperature sensors. This review introduces various types of textile-based temperature sensors, including resistive, thermoelectric and fibre-optical sensors. In addition, the challenges that need to be addressed to fully realise their potential, which include improving sensitivity and accuracy, integrating wireless communication capabilities, and developing low-cost fabrication techniques. The technological advances in textile-based temperature sensors to overcome the limitations will revolutionize wearable devices requiring function of temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heebo Ha
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chunghyeon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Zubair Ahmed Chandio
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Byungjin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Cheong
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Byungil Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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6
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Shao W, Cui T, Li D, Jian J, Li Z, Ji S, Cheng A, Li X, Liu K, Liu H, Yang Y, Ren T. Carbon-Based Textile Sensors for Physiological-Signal Monitoring. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113932. [PMID: 37297066 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the focus on physical health increases, the market demand for flexible wearable sensors increases. Textiles combined with sensitive materials and electronic circuits can form flexible, breathable high-performance sensors for physiological-signal monitoring. Carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon black (CB) have been widely utilized in the development of flexible wearable sensors due to their high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, low mass density, and easy functionalization. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in carbon-based flexible textile sensors, highlighting the development, properties, and applications of graphene, CNTs, and CB for flexible textile sensors. The physiological signals that can be monitored by carbon-based textile sensors include electrocardiogram (ECG), human body movement, pulse and respiration, body temperature, and tactile perception. We categorize and describe carbon-based textile sensors based on the physiological signals they monitor. Finally, we discuss the current challenges associated with carbon-based textile sensors and explore the future direction of textile sensors for monitoring physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Shao
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aobo Cheng
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaiyin Liu
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Houfang Liu
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Meena JS, Choi SB, Jung SB, Kim JW. Electronic textiles: New age of wearable technology for healthcare and fitness solutions. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100565. [PMID: 36816602 PMCID: PMC9932217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyles and evolving work environments have created challenges for global health and cause huge burdens on healthcare and fitness systems. Physical immobility and functional losses due to aging are two main reasons for noncommunicable disease mortality. Smart electronic textiles (e-textiles) have attracted considerable attention because of their potential uses in health monitoring, rehabilitation, and training assessment applications. Interactive textiles integrated with electronic devices and algorithms can be used to gather, process, and digitize data on human body motion in real time for purposes such as electrotherapy, improving blood circulation, and promoting wound healing. This review summarizes research advances on e-textiles designed for wearable healthcare and fitness systems. The significance of e-textiles, key applications, and future demand expectations are addressed in this review. Various health conditions and fitness problems and possible solutions involving the use of multifunctional interactive garments are discussed. A brief discussion of essential materials and basic procedures used to fabricate wearable e-textiles are included. Finally, the current challenges, possible solutions, opportunities, and future perspectives in the area of smart textiles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Singh Meena
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Core Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Choi
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Boo Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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8
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Lai QT, Zhao XH, Sun QJ, Tang Z, Tang XG, Roy VAL. Emerging MXene-Based Flexible Tactile Sensors for Health Monitoring and Haptic Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300283. [PMID: 36965088 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to their potential applications in physiological monitoring, diagnosis, human prosthetics, haptic perception, and human-machine interaction, flexible tactile sensors have attracted wide research interest in recent years. Thanks to the advances in material engineering, high performance flexible tactile sensors have been obtained. Among the representative pressure sensing materials, 2D layered nanomaterials have many properties that are superior to those of bulk nanomaterials and are more suitable for high performance flexible sensors. As a class of 2D inorganic compounds in materials science, MXene has excellent electrical, mechanical, and biological compatibility. MXene-based composites have proven to be promising candidates for flexible tactile sensors due to their excellent stretchability and metallic conductivity. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to the development of MXene-based composites for flexible sensor applications. In this paper, the controllable preparation and characterization of MXene are introduced. Then, the recent progresses on fabrication strategies, operating mechanisms, and device performance of MXene composite-based flexible tactile sensors, including flexible piezoresistive sensors, capacitive sensors, piezoelectric sensors, triboelectric sensors are reviewed. After that, the applications of MXene material-based flexible electronics in human motion monitoring, healthcare, prosthetics, and artificial intelligence are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for MXene-based tactile sensors are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Teng Lai
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511400, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Jun Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511400, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511400, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Gui Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511400, P. R. China
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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9
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Ghosh A, Nag S, Gomes A, Gosavi A, Ghule G, Kundu A, Purohit B, Srivastava R. Applications of Smart Material Sensors and Soft Electronics in Healthcare Wearables for Better User Compliance. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:121. [PMID: 36677182 PMCID: PMC9862021 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The need for innovation in the healthcare sector is essential to meet the demand of a rapidly growing population and the advent of progressive chronic ailments. Over the last decade, real-time monitoring of health conditions has been prioritized for accurate clinical diagnosis and access to accelerated treatment options. Therefore, the demand for wearable biosensing modules for preventive and monitoring purposes has been increasing over the last decade. Application of machine learning, big data analysis, neural networks, and artificial intelligence for precision and various power-saving approaches are used to increase the reliability and acceptance of smart wearables. However, user compliance and ergonomics are key areas that need focus to make the wearables mainstream. Much can be achieved through the incorporation of smart materials and soft electronics. Though skin-friendly wearable devices have been highlighted recently for their multifunctional abilities, a detailed discussion on the integration of smart materials for higher user compliance is still missing. In this review, we have discussed the principles and applications of sustainable smart material sensors and soft electronics for better ergonomics and increased user compliance in various healthcare devices. Moreover, the importance of nanomaterials and nanotechnology is discussed in the development of smart wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tiruvalam Road, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alyssa Gomes
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Apurva Gosavi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Gauri Ghule
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Aniket Kundu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Buddhadev Purohit
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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10
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Kang Z, Li X, Zhao X, Wang X, Shen J, Wei H, Zhu X. Piezo-Resistive Flexible Pressure Sensor by Blade-Coating Graphene-Silver Nanosheet-Polymer Nanocomposite. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:4. [PMID: 36615914 PMCID: PMC9823304 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The demand for flexible pressure sensors in wearable devices is dramatically increasing. However, challenges still exist in making flexible pressure sensors, including complex or costly fabrication processes and difficulty in mass production. In this paper, a new method is proposed for preparing the flexible pressure sensors that combines an imprinting technique with blade-coating of a graphene-silver nanosheet-polymer nanocomposite. The piezo-resistive type flexible pressure sensor consists of interdigital electrodes and nanocomposite as a sensing layer, as well as a micropillar array structure. The morphology of the sensitive layer of the sensor is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The response performance, sensitivity, and stability of the sensor are investigated. The test results show that the initial resistance of the pressure sensor is only 1.6 Ω, the sensitivity is 0.04 kPa-1, and the response time is about 286 ms. In addition, a highly hydrophobic wetting property can be observed on the functional structure surface of the sensor. The contact angle is 137.2 degrees, revealing the self-cleaning property of the sensor. Finally, the prepared sensor is demonstrated as a wearable device, indicating promising potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xiangmeng Li
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Huifen Wei
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xijing Zhu
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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11
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Yuan Y, Liu B, Li H, Li M, Song Y, Wang R, Wang T, Zhang H. Flexible Wearable Sensors in Medical Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121069. [PMID: 36551036 PMCID: PMC9775172 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of health concepts and the wave of digitalization have driven the innovation of sensors in the medical field. Such continual development has made sensors progress in the direction of safety, flexibility, and intelligence for continuous monitoring of vital signs, which holds considerable promise for changing the way humans live and even treat diseases. To this end, flexible wearable devices with high performance, such as high sensitivity, high stability, and excellent biodegradability, have attracted strong interest from scientists. Herein, a review of flexible wearable sensors for temperature, heart rate, human motion, respiratory rate, glucose, and pH is highlighted. In addition, engineering issues are also presented, focusing on material selection, sensor fabrication, and power supply. Finally, potential challenges facing current technology and future directions of wearable sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yuan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nursing, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Nursing, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Runze Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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12
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Asayesh A, Ilen E, Metsäranta M, Vanhatalo S. Developing Disposable EEG Cap for Infant Recordings at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7869. [PMID: 36298219 PMCID: PMC9607480 DOI: 10.3390/s22207869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Long-term EEG monitoring in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is challenged with finding solutions for setting up and maintaining a sufficient recording quality with limited technical experience. The current study evaluates different solutions for the skin-electrode interface and develops a disposable EEG cap for newborn infants. Several alternative materials for the skin-electrode interface were compared to the conventional gel and paste: conductive textiles (textured and woven), conductive Velcro, sponge, super absorbent hydrogel (SAH), and hydro fiber sheets (HF). The comparisons included the assessment of dehydration and recordings of signal quality (skin interphase impedance and powerline (50 Hz) noise) for selected materials. The test recordings were performed using snap electrodes integrated into a forearm sleeve or a forehead band along with skin-electrode interfaces to mimic an EEG cap with the aim of long-term biosignal recording on unprepared skin. In the hydration test, conductive textiles and Velcro performed poorly. While the SAH and HF remained sufficiently hydrated for over 24 h in an incubator-mimicking environment, the sponge material was dehydrated during the first 12 h. Additionally, the SAH was found to have a fragile structure and was electrically prone to artifacts after 12 h. In the electrical impedance and recording comparisons of muscle activity, the results for thick-layer HF were comparable to the conventional gel on unprepared skin. Moreover, the mechanical instability measured by 1-2 Hz and 1-20 Hz normalized relative power spectrum density was comparable with clinical EEG recordings using subdermal electrodes. The results together suggest that thick-layer HF at the skin-electrode interface is an effective candidate for a preparation-free, long-term recording, with many advantages, such as long-lasting recording quality, easy use, and compatibility with sensitive infant skin contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Asayesh
- BABA Center, Pediatric Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and HUS Imaging, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Ilen
- Department of Design, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- School of Industrial, Aerospace and Audiovisual Engineering of Terrassa-ESEIAAT, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Marjo Metsäranta
- BABA Center, Pediatric Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and HUS Imaging, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Vanhatalo
- BABA Center, Pediatric Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and HUS Imaging, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Mishra S, Mohanty S, Ramadoss A. Functionality of Flexible Pressure Sensors in Cardiovascular Health Monitoring: A Review. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2495-2520. [PMID: 36036627 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As the highest percentage of global mortality is caused by several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), maintenance and monitoring of a healthy cardiovascular condition have become the primary concern of each and every individual. Simultaneously, recent progress and advances in wearable pressure sensor technology have provided many pathways to monitor and detect underlying cardiovascular illness in terms of irregularities in heart rate, blood pressure, and blood oxygen saturation. These pressure sensors can be comfortably attached onto human skin or can be implanted on the surface of vascular grafts for uninterrupted monitoring of arterial blood pressure. While the traditional monitoring systems are time-consuming, expensive, and not user-friendly, flexible sensor technology has emerged as a promising and dynamic practice to collect important health information at a comparatively low cost in a reliable and user-friendly way. This Review explores the importance and necessity of cardiovascular health monitoring while emphasizing the role of flexible pressure sensors in monitoring patients' health conditions to avoid adverse effects. A comprehensive discussion on the current research progress along with the real-time impact and accessibility of pressure sensors developed for cardiovascular health monitoring applications has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvrajyoti Mishra
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals: Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar-751024, India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals: Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar-751024, India
| | - Ananthakumar Ramadoss
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals: Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar-751024, India
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14
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Liu Z, Wang J, Zhang Q, Li Z, Li Z, Cheng L, Dai F. Electrospinning Silk Fibroin/Graphene Nanofiber Membrane Used for 3D Wearable Pressure Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183875. [PMID: 36146023 PMCID: PMC9502556 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the improvement of science and technology, flexible sensors have become a hot research topic. Flexible sensors have broad application in human health detection and motion detection and other fields. In this paper, the silk fibroin/graphene nanofiber membranes were prepared by double needle electrospinning. In addition, the high sensitivity of the three-dimensional composite hierarchy was obtained by superimposing a monolayer silk fibroin/graphene nanofiber membrane, which was prepared via double needle electrospinning. In addition, the three-dimensional hierarchy was encapsulated by polydimethylsiloxane to prepare a pressure sensor. The sensitivity of the pressure sensor can achieve 7.7 Pa−1. In addition, this pressure sensor has excellent durability (>2000 cycles) and shorter response times (490 ms), which has broad research prospects in human health detection and motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (F.D.)
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15
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Vimala A, Vandrangi SK. Development of porous materials based resistance pressure sensors and their biomedical applications: a review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2118275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allam Vimala
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Vandrangi
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Liu J, Wang P, Li G, Yang L, Yu W, Meng C, Guo S. A highly stretchable and ultra-sensitive strain sensing fiber based on a porous core-network sheath configuration for wearable human motion detection. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12418-12430. [PMID: 35972043 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional fibers have attracted much research attention due to their potential application in developing advanced electronic textiles for wearable devices. However, challenges still exist in preparing high-performance fiber-shaped sensors with superior flexibility and stretchability while achieving a high sensitivity and a wide detection range. Herein, we propose the design and fabrication of an ultra-flexible and super-elastic fiber-shaped strain sensor via a facile combining approach of wet-spinning and dip-coating. The sensor adopts a core-sheath configuration of liquid metal droplets dispersed in porous thermoplastic polyurethane as a substrate core and a carbon nanotube intertwined network embedding silver nanowires as a strain sensitive sheath. By taking advantage of both the composition of multiple functional materials and the design of a microstructured device configuration, the developed fiber-shaped sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (maximum gauge factor of 7336.1), an extremely large workable strain range (500%), a low strain detection limit (0.5%), a fast response time (200 ms) and good stability (10 000 cycles). In addition, the sensor is temperature insensitive, inert under harsh solution conditions, degradable and recyclable. Intriguingly, the fiber-shaped sensor can be used to detect various human motions and gestures by directly attaching to skins or elaborately weaving into textiles, demonstrating its great potential in human healthcare monitoring and human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Guoxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Chuizhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Shijie Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
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17
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Deroco PB, Wachholz Junior D, Kubota LT. Paper‐based Wearable Electrochemical Sensors: a New Generation of Analytical Devices. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Batista Deroco
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas 13083-970 Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic (INCTBio) Brazil
| | - Dagwin Wachholz Junior
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas 13083-970 Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic (INCTBio) Brazil
| | - Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas 13083-970 Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic (INCTBio) Brazil
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18
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Multi-Layered Carbon-Black/Elastomer-Composite-Based Shielded Stretchable Capacitive Sensors for the Underactuated Robotic Hand. ROBOTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/robotics11030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft and flexible strain sensors are becoming popular for many robotic applications. This article presents a stretchable capacitive sensor by combining a conductive filler of carbon black with elastomers and implementing shielding to reduce parasitic interference, applied to an underactuated robotic hand. Sensors with different configurations were explored. The results show that a shield introduced to the sensor does have some mitigation effect on external interference. Two sensor configurations were explored: longitudinal interdigitated capacitive (LIDC) sensor, where the interdigitated fingers lie along the same axis as the strain, and transverse interdigitated capacitive (TIDC) sensor, where the interdigitated fingers are orthogonal to the strain direction. The LIDC configuration had better performance than TIDC. The fabricated two-layered LIDC sensor had a gage factor of 0.15 pF/mm and the rates of capacitive creep of 0.000667 pF/s and 0.001 pF/s at loads of 120 g and 180 g, respectively. The LIDC sensors attached to an underactuated robotic hand demonstrate the sensors’ ability to determine the bending angles of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints.
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Abstract
E-textiles is a new hybrid field developed with the help of the integration of electronic components into our daily usage of textile products. These wearable e-textiles provide user-defined applications as well as normal textile clothing. The medical field is one of the major leading areas where these new hybrid products are being implemented, and relatively mature products can be observed in the laboratory as well as in commercial markets. These products are developed for continuous patient monitoring in large-scale hospital centers as well as for customized patient requirements. Meanwhile, these products are also being used for complex medical treatments and the replacement of conventional methods. This review manuscript contains a basic overview of e-textile systems, their components, applications, and usages in the field of medical innovations. E-textile systems, integrated into customized products for medical needs, are discussed with their proposed properties and limitations. Finally, some recommendations to enhance the e-textile system’s integration into the medical field are argued.
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20
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Shirhatti V, Nuthalapati S, Kedambaimoole V, Kumar S, Nayak MM, Rajanna K. Multifunctional Graphene Sensor Ensemble as a Smart Biomonitoring Fashion Accessory. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4325-4337. [PMID: 34847320 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring wearable sensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials have recently elicited keen research interest and potential for a new range of flexible nanoelectronic devices. Practical nanomaterial-based devices suited for real-world service, which exhibit first-rate performance while being an attractive accessory, are still distant. We report a multifunctional flexible wearable sensor fabricated using an ultrathin percolative layer of graphene nanosheets on laser-patterned gold circular interdigitated electrodes for monitoring vital human physiological parameters. This graphene on laser-patterned electrode (GLE) sensor displays an excellent strain resolution of 245 με (0.024%) and a record high gauge factor of 6.3 × 107, with exceptional stability and repeatability in its operating range. The sensor was tested for human physiological monitoring like measurement of heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, and hydration level, which are vital health parameters, especially considering the current pandemic scenario. The sensor also served in applications such as a pedometer, limb movement tracker, and control switch for human interaction. The innovative laser-etch process used to pattern gold thin-film electrodes, with the multifunctional incognizable graphene layer, provides a technique for integrating multiple sensors in a wearable band. The reported work marks a giant leap from the conventional banal devices to a highly marketable multifunctional sensor array as a biomonitoring fashion accessory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Shirhatti
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Suresh Nuthalapati
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vaishakh Kedambaimoole
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Konandur Rajanna
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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21
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Liu H, Zhong X, He X, Li Y, Zhou N, Ma Z, Zhu D, Ji H. Stretchable Conductive Fabric Enabled By Surface Functionalization of Commercial Knitted Cloth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55656-55665. [PMID: 34758625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Textile-based stretchable electronic devices are one of the best candidates for future wearable applications, as they can simultaneously provide high compliance and wearing comfort to the human body. Stretchable conductive textile is the fundamental building block for constructing high-performance textile-based stretchable electronic devices. Here, we report a simple strategy for the fabrication of stretchable conductive fabric using commercial knitted cloth as a substrate. Briefly, we coated the fibers of the fabric with a thin layer of poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS) by dip-coating. Then, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were loaded on the fabric by sequential absorption and in situ reduction. After loading AgNPs, the conductivity of the fabric could be as high as ∼800 S/m, while its maximal strain at break was higher than 540%. Meanwhile, such fabric also possesses excellent permeability, robust endurance to repeated stretching, long-time washing, and mechanical rubbing or tearing. We further approve that the fabric is less cytotoxic to mammalian skin and antibacterial to microbial, making it safe for on-skin applications. With these multifarious advantages, the fabric developed here is promising for on-skin wearable applications. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate its use as an electrode for collecting electrocardiograph signals and electrothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Xianmei Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 319, Section 3, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou 646000, Jiangyang District, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Yushan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Ningjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Lab, Research Center of Intelligent Sensing, South China University of Technology, Wenyi West Road No. 1818, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Huijiao Ji
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 319, Section 3, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou 646000, Jiangyang District, Sichuan, P. R. China
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22
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Lahmann NA, Müller-Werdan U, Kuntz S, Klingehöfer-Noe J, Jaenicke F, Strube-Lahmann S. Conception and evaluation of a washable multimodal smart textile. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-021-00619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSmart textiles can support people with specific needs and diseases, such as diabetes or heart disease. Currently there are efforts to combine continuous mobile monitoring with other health-related conditions. On this basis, algorithms could be developed that can be used to detect unusual or critical conditions. A study was to investigate whether a previously developed washable Multi-Modal Smart Textile (MMST), based on inexpensive materials, would provide valid and reliable results with regard to the vital parameters of pulse, temperature and mobility. The measurement of the vital parameters was carried out with the developed prototype MMST as well as with validated devices. All electronics including the rechargeable NiMH has been washed more than 30 times with different methods and it remained fully functional. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for pulse (temperature) measurement ranged between 0.036 and 0.232 (0.077 and 0.817) depending on the activity of the tested individuals (standing, sitting, lying down, moving). Cohen’s Kappa for the detection of the body position was 0.765. For the parameter of pulse, the results indicated an insufficient derivation for both validity and reliability. Due to flaws in the methodology applied, the validly and reliably for the parameter of temperature could not be determined. Valid and reliable results were obtained for the parameter mobility/change of position. If the MMST (after modification of the prototype) achieves reliable results, there are many advantages for people giving and receiving care on a budget price, even in threatening emergency situations.
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23
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Zhou Z, Chen N, Zhong H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yin X, He B. Textile-Based Mechanical Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6073. [PMID: 34683661 PMCID: PMC8538676 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innovations related to textiles-based sensors have drawn great interest due to their outstanding merits of flexibility, comfort, low cost, and wearability. Textile-based sensors are often tied to certain parts of the human body to collect mechanical, physical, and chemical stimuli to identify and record human health and exercise. Until now, much research and review work has been carried out to summarize and promote the development of textile-based sensors. As a feature, we focus on textile-based mechanical sensors (TMSs), especially on their advantages and the way they achieve performance optimizations in this review. We first adopt a novel approach to introduce different kinds of TMSs by combining sensing mechanisms, textile structure, and novel fabricating strategies for implementing TMSs and focusing on critical performance criteria such as sensitivity, response range, response time, and stability. Next, we summarize their great advantages over other flexible sensors, and their potential applications in health monitoring, motion recognition, and human-machine interaction. Finally, we present the challenges and prospects to provide meaningful guidelines and directions for future research. The TMSs play an important role in promoting the development of the emerging Internet of Things, which can make health monitoring and everyday objects connect more smartly, conveniently, and comfortably efficiently in a wearable way in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Zhou
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Nuo Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Hongchuan Zhong
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wanli Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiangyu Yin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bingwei He
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
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24
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Review on the Integration of Microelectronics for E-Textile. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14175113. [PMID: 34501200 PMCID: PMC8434590 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modern electronic textiles are moving towards flexible wearable textiles, so-called e-textiles that have micro-electronic elements embedded onto the textile fabric that can be used for varied classes of functionalities. There are different methods of integrating rigid microelectronic components into/onto textiles for the development of smart textiles, which include, but are not limited to, physical, mechanical, and chemical approaches. The integration systems must satisfy being flexible, lightweight, stretchable, and washable to offer a superior usability, comfortability, and non-intrusiveness. Furthermore, the resulting wearable garment needs to be breathable. In this review work, three levels of integration of the microelectronics into/onto the textile structures are discussed, the textile-adapted, the textile-integrated, and the textile-based integration. The textile-integrated and the textile-adapted e-textiles have failed to efficiently meet being flexible and washable. To overcome the above problems, researchers studied the integration of microelectronics into/onto textile at fiber or yarn level applying various mechanisms. Hence, a new method of integration, textile-based, has risen to the challenge due to the flexibility and washability advantages of the ultimate product. In general, the aim of this review is to provide a complete overview of the different interconnection methods of electronic components into/onto textile substrate.
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Heo JS, Soleymanpour R, Lam J, Goldberg D, Large E, Park SK, Kim I. Wide-range Motion Recognition through Insole Sensor using Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Polydimethylsiloxane Composites. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 26:581-588. [PMID: 34255638 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2021.3096322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High linearity/sensitivity and a wide dynamic sensing range are the most desirable features for pressure sensors to accurately detect and respond to external pressure stimuli. Even though a number of recent studies have demonstrated a low-cost pressure sensing device for a smart insole system by using scalable and deformable conductive materials, they still lack stretchability and desirable properties such as high sensitivity, hysteresis, linearity, and fast response time to obtain accurate and reliable data. To resolve this issue, a flexible and stretchable piezoresistive pressure sensor with high linear response over a wide pressure range is developed and integrated in a wearable insole system. The sensor uses multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polydimethylsiloxane (MWCNT/PDMS) composites with gradient density double-stacked configuration as well as randomly distributed surface microstructure (RDSM). The randomly distributed surface of the MWCNT/PDMS composite is easily and non-artificially generated by the evaporation of residual IPA solvent during a composite curing process. Due to two functional features consisting of the double-stacked composite configuration with different gradient MWCNT density and RDSM, the pressure sensor shows high linear sensitivity (~82.5 kPa) and a pressure range of 0-1 MPa, providing extensive potential applications in monitoring human motions. Moreover, for a practical wearable application detecting the users real-time motions, a custom-designed output signal acquisition system has been developed and integrated with the insole pressure sensor. As a result, the insole sensor can successfully detect walking, running, and jumping movements and can be used in daily life to monitor gait patterns by virtue of its long-term stability.
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Abstract
Smart wearable textiles can sense, react, and adapt themselves to external conditions or stimuli, and they can be divided into active and passive smart wearable textiles, which can work with the human brain for cognition, reasoning, and activating capacity. Wearable technology is among the fastest growing parts of health, entertainment, and education. In the future, the development of wearable electronics will be focused on multifunctional, user-friendly, and user acceptance and comfort features and shall be based on advanced electronic textile systems.
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Huang Y, Song Y, Gou L, Zou Y. A Novel Wearable Flexible Dry Electrode Based on Cowhide for ECG Measurement. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11040101. [PMID: 33915714 PMCID: PMC8065990 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode, as a sensor, is an important part of the wearable ECG monitoring device. Natural leather is rarely used as the electrode substrate. In this paper, wearable flexible silver electrodes based on cowhide were prepared by sputtering and brush-painting. A signal generator, oscilloscope, impedance test instrument, and ECG monitor were used to build the test platform evaluating the performance of electrodes with six subjects. The lossless waveform transmission can be achieved with our electrodes. Therefore, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculated with input waveform and output waveform of the electrodes based on the top grain layer (GLE) and the split layer (SLE) of cowhide were 0.997 and 0.998 at 0.1 Hz respectively. The skin electrode impedance (Z) was tested, and the parameters of the equivalent circuit model of the skin electrode interface were calculated by a fitting method, indicating that the Z of the prepared electrodes was comparable with the standard gel electrode when the skin is moist enough. The signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG of the GLE and the SLE were 1.148 and 1.205 times that of the standard electrode in the standing posture, which meant the ECG measured by our electrodes was basically consistent with that measured by the standard electrode.
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Integration and Testing of a Three-Axis Accelerometer in a Woven E-Textile Sleeve for Wearable Movement Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185033. [PMID: 32899770 PMCID: PMC7571150 DOI: 10.3390/s20185033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a method to integrate and package an accelerometer within a textile to create an electronic textile (e-textile). The smallest commercially available accelerometer sensor (2 mm × 2 mm × 0.95 mm) is used in the e-textile and is fully integrated within the weave structure of the fabric itself, rendering it invisible to the wearer. The e-textile forms the basis of a wearable woven sleeve which is applied to arm and knee joint bending angle measurement. The integrated e-textile based accelerometer sensor system is used to identify activity type, such as walking or running, and count the total number of steps taken. Performance was verified by comparing measurements of specific elbow joint angles over the range of 0° to 180° with those obtained from a commercial bending sensor from Bend Labs and from a custom-built goniometer. The joint bending angles, measured by all three sensors, show good agreement with an error of less than ~1% of reading which provides a high degree of confidence in the e-textile sensor system. Subsequently, knee joint angles were measured experimentally on three subjects with each being tested three times on each of three activities (walking, running and climbing stairs). This allowed the minimum and maximum knee joint angles for each activity to be determined. This data is then used to identify activity type and perform step counting.
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