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Faricha A, Yoshida S, Chakraborty P, Okamoto K, Chang TFM, Sone M, Nakamoto T. Array of Miniaturized Amperometric Gas Sensors Using Atomic Gold Decorated Pt/PANI Electrodes in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Films. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4132. [PMID: 37112472 PMCID: PMC10141993 DOI: 10.3390/s23084132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized sensors possess many advantages, such as rapid response, easy chip integration, a possible lower concentration of target compound detection, etc. However, a major issue reported is a low signal response. In this study, a catalyst, the atomic gold clusters of Aun where n = 2, was decorated at a platinum/polyaniline (Pt/PANI) working electrode to enhance the sensitivity of butanol isomers gas measurement. Isomer quantification is challenging because this compound has the same chemical formula and molar mass. Furthermore, to create a tiny sensor, a microliter of room-temperature ionic liquid was used as an electrolyte. The combination of the Au2 clusters decorated Pt/PANI and room temperature ionic liquid with several fixed electrochemical potentials was explored to obtain a high solubility of each analyte. According to the results, the presence of Au2 clusters increased the current density due to electrocatalytic activity compared to the electrode without Au2 clusters. In addition, the Au2 clusters on the modified electrode had a more linear concentration dependency trend than the modified electrode without atomic gold clusters. Finally, the separation among butanol isomers was enhanced using different combination of room-temperature ionic liquids and fixed potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anifatul Faricha
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Yoshida
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Parthojit Chakraborty
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tso-Fu Mark Chang
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Sone
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nakamoto
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ba Hashwan SS, Khir MHM, Nawi IM, Ahmad MR, Hanif M, Zahoor F, Al-Douri Y, Algamili AS, Bature UI, Alabsi SS, Sabbea MOB, Junaid M. A review of piezoelectric MEMS sensors and actuators for gas detection application. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:25. [PMID: 36847870 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric microelectromechanical system (piezo-MEMS)-based mass sensors including the piezoelectric microcantilevers, surface acoustic waves (SAW), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT), and film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBAR) are highlighted as suitable candidates for highly sensitive gas detection application. This paper presents the piezo-MEMS gas sensors' characteristics such as their miniaturized structure, the capability of integration with readout circuit, and fabrication feasibility using multiuser technologies. The development of the piezoelectric MEMS gas sensors is investigated for the application of low-level concentration gas molecules detection. In this work, the various types of gas sensors based on piezoelectricity are investigated extensively including their operating principle, besides their material parameters as well as the critical design parameters, the device structures, and their sensing materials including the polymers, carbon, metal-organic framework, and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed S Ba Hashwan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Haris Md Khir
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Illani Mohd Nawi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Radzi Ahmad
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mehwish Hanif
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Furqan Zahoor
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Y Al-Douri
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Piri Reis University, Eflatun Sk. No: 8, 34940, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Applied Science and Astronomy, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdullah Saleh Algamili
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Usman Isyaku Bature
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Sami Sultan Alabsi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed O Ba Sabbea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
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Abstract
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is one of the many acoustic transducers. It is the most popular and widely used acoustic transducer for sensor applications. It has found wide applications in chemical and biosensing fields owing to its high sensitivity, robustness, small sized-design, and ease of integration with electronic measurement systems. However, it is necessary to coat QCM with a sensing film. Without coating materials, its selectivity and sensitivity are not obtained. At present, this is not an issue, mainly due to the advancement of oscillator circuits and dedicated measurement circuits. Since a new researcher may seek to understand QCM sensors, we provide an overview of QCM from its fundamental knowledge. Then, we explain some of the recent QCM applications both in gas-phase and liquid-phase. Next, the theory of QCM is introduced by using piezoelectric stress equations and the Mason equivalent circuit, which explains how the QCM behavior is obtained. Then, the conventional equations that govern QCM behaviors in terms of resonant frequency and resistance are described. We show the behavior of QCM with a viscous film based on the acoustic wave equation and Mason equivalent circuit. Then, we present various existing QCM electronic measurement methods. Furthermore, we describe the experiment on QCM with viscous loading and its interpretation based on the Mason equivalent circuit. Lastly, we review some theoretical models to describe QCM behavior with various models.
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Method for QCM Resonator Device Equivalent Circuit Parameter Extraction and Electrode Quality Assessment. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091086. [PMID: 34577729 PMCID: PMC8472393 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) resonators are used in a wide range of sensors. Current QCM resonators achieve a simultaneous measurement of multiple physical quantities by analyzing lumped-element equivalent parameters, which are obtained via the introduction of external devices. This introduction of external devices will probably increase measurement error. To realize the measurement of multiple physical quantities while eliminating the measurement error caused by external devices, this paper proposes a measurement method for the lumped-element equivalent parameters of QCM resonators without the need for extra external devices. Accordingly, a numerical method for solving nonlinear equations with fewer data points required and a higher accuracy was adopted. A standard crystal resonator parameter extraction experiment is described. The extracted parameters were consistent with the nominal parameters, which confirms the accuracy of this method. Furthermore, six QCM resonator device samples with different electrode diameters and materials were produced and used in the parameter measurement experiment. The linear relationship between the electrode material conductivity and motional resistance R1 is discussed. The ability of this method to characterize the electrode material and to detect the rust status of the electrode is also demonstrated. These abilities support the potential utility of the proposed method for an electrode quality assessment of piezoelectric devices.
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Coating-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance Detection Methods of Environmentally Relevant Volatile Organic Compounds. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that evaporate under standard atmospheric conditions are of growing concern. This is because it is well established that VOCs represent major contamination risks since release of these compounds into the atmosphere can contribute to global warming, and thus, can also be detrimental to the overall health of worldwide populations including plants, animals, and humans. Consequently, the detection, discrimination, and quantification of VOCs have become highly relevant areas of research over the past few decades. One method that has been and continues to be creatively developed for analyses of VOCs is the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). In this review, we summarize and analyze applications of QCM devices for the development of sensor arrays aimed at the detection of environmentally relevant VOCs. Herein, we also summarize applications of a variety of coatings, e.g., polymers, macrocycles, and ionic liquids that have been used and reported in the literature for surface modification in order to enhance sensing and selective detection of VOCs using quartz crystal resonators (QCRs) and thus QCM. In this review, we also summarize novel electronic systems that have been developed for improved QCM measurements.
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Bwambok DK, Siraj N, Macchi S, Larm NE, Baker GA, Pérez RL, Ayala CE, Walgama C, Pollard D, Rodriguez JD, Banerjee S, Elzey B, Warner IM, Fakayode SO. QCM Sensor Arrays, Electroanalytical Techniques and NIR Spectroscopy Coupled to Multivariate Analysis for Quality Assessment of Food Products, Raw Materials, Ingredients and Foodborne Pathogen Detection: Challenges and Breakthroughs. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6982. [PMID: 33297345 PMCID: PMC7730680 DOI: 10.3390/s20236982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quality checks, assessments, and the assurance of food products, raw materials, and food ingredients is critically important to ensure the safeguard of foods of high quality for safety and public health. Nevertheless, quality checks, assessments, and the assurance of food products along distribution and supply chains is impacted by various challenges. For instance, the development of portable, sensitive, low-cost, and robust instrumentation that is capable of real-time, accurate, and sensitive analysis, quality checks, assessments, and the assurance of food products in the field and/or in the production line in a food manufacturing industry is a major technological and analytical challenge. Other significant challenges include analytical method development, method validation strategies, and the non-availability of reference materials and/or standards for emerging food contaminants. The simplicity, portability, non-invasive, non-destructive properties, and low-cost of NIR spectrometers, make them appealing and desirable instruments of choice for rapid quality checks, assessments and assurances of food products, raw materials, and ingredients. This review article surveys literature and examines current challenges and breakthroughs in quality checks and the assessment of a variety of food products, raw materials, and ingredients. Specifically, recent technological innovations and notable advances in quartz crystal microbalances (QCM), electroanalytical techniques, and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic instrument development in the quality assessment of selected food products, and the analysis of food raw materials and ingredients for foodborne pathogen detection between January 2019 and July 2020 are highlighted. In addition, chemometric approaches and multivariate analyses of spectral data for NIR instrumental calibration and sample analyses for quality assessments and assurances of selected food products and electrochemical methods for foodborne pathogen detection are discussed. Moreover, this review provides insight into the future trajectory of innovative technological developments in QCM, electroanalytical techniques, NIR spectroscopy, and multivariate analyses relating to general applications for the quality assessment of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Bwambok
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA;
| | - Noureen Siraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA; (N.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Samantha Macchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA; (N.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Nathaniel E. Larm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (N.E.L.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (N.E.L.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Rocío L. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.L.P.); (C.E.A.); (I.M.W.)
| | - Caitlan E. Ayala
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.L.P.); (C.E.A.); (I.M.W.)
| | - Charuksha Walgama
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Ave, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA; (C.W.); (S.B.)
| | - David Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Winston-Salem, NC 27013, USA;
| | - Jason D. Rodriguez
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Ave, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA; (C.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Brianda Elzey
- Science, Engineering, and Technology Department, Howard Community College, 10901 Little Patuxent Pkwy, Columbia, MD 21044, USA;
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.L.P.); (C.E.A.); (I.M.W.)
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Ave, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA; (C.W.); (S.B.)
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