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Bi J, Gao Y, Peng Z, Ma Y. Classification of motor imagery using chaotic entropy based on sub-band EEG source localization. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:036016. [PMID: 38722315 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in motor imagery (MI) research by virtue of its high temporal resolution and low cost, but its low spatial resolution is still a major criticism. The EEG source localization (ESL) algorithm effectively improves the spatial resolution of the signal by inverting the scalp EEG to extrapolate the cortical source signal, thus enhancing the classification accuracy.Approach.To address the problem of poor spatial resolution of EEG signals, this paper proposed a sub-band source chaotic entropy feature extraction method based on sub-band ESL. Firstly, the preprocessed EEG signals were filtered into 8 sub-bands. Each sub-band signal was source localized respectively to reveal the activation patterns of specific frequency bands of the EEG signals and the activities of specific brain regions in the MI task. Then, approximate entropy, fuzzy entropy and permutation entropy were extracted from the source signal as features to quantify the complexity and randomness of the signal. Finally, the classification of different MI tasks was achieved using support vector machine.Main result.The proposed method was validated on two MI public datasets (brain-computer interface (BCI) competition III IVa, BCI competition IV 2a) and the results showed that the classification accuracies were higher than the existing methods.Significance.The spatial resolution of the signal was improved by sub-band EEG localization in the paper, which provided a new idea for EEG MI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Bi
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyuan Gao
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Peng
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuliang Ma
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kong X, Wu C, Chen S, Wu T, Han J. Efficient Feature Learning Model of Motor Imagery EEG Signals with L1-Norm and Weighted Fusion. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:211. [PMID: 38785685 PMCID: PMC11117874 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) for motor imagery is an advanced technology used in the field of medical rehabilitation. However, due to the poor accuracy of electroencephalogram feature classification, BCI systems often misrecognize user commands. Although many state-of-the-art feature selection methods aim to enhance classification accuracy, they usually overlook the interrelationships between individual features, indirectly impacting the accuracy of feature classification. To overcome this issue, we propose an adaptive feature learning model that employs a Riemannian geometric approach to generate a feature matrix from electroencephalogram signals, serving as the model's input. By integrating the enhanced adaptive L1 penalty and weighted fusion penalty into the sparse learning model, we select the most informative features from the matrix. Specifically, we measure the importance of features using mutual information and introduce an adaptive weight construction strategy to penalize regression coefficients corresponding to each variable adaptively. Moreover, the weighted fusion penalty balances weight differences among correlated variables, reducing the model's overreliance on specific variables and enhancing accuracy. The performance of the proposed method was validated on BCI Competition IV datasets IIa and IIb using the support vector machine. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model compared to the existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzeng Kong
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Cailin Wu
- School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Shimiao Chen
- School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Junfeng Han
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
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Khan RA, Rashid N, Shahzaib M, Malik UF, Arif A, Iqbal J, Saleem M, Khan US, Tiwana M. A novel framework for classification of two-class motor imagery EEG signals using logistic regression classification algorithm. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0276133. [PMID: 37682884 PMCID: PMC10490872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Robotics and artificial intelligence have played a significant role in developing assistive technologies for people with motor disabilities. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a communication system that allows humans to communicate with their environment by detecting and quantifying control signals produced from different modalities and translating them into voluntary commands for actuating an external device. For that purpose, classification the brain signals with a very high accuracy and minimization of the errors is of profound importance to the researchers. So in this study, a novel framework has been proposed to classify the binary-class electroencephalogram (EEG) data. The proposed framework is tested on BCI Competition IV dataset 1 and BCI Competition III dataset 4a. Artifact removal from EEG data is done through preprocessing, followed by feature extraction for recognizing discriminative information in the recorded brain signals. Signal preprocessing involves the application of independent component analysis (ICA) on raw EEG data, accompanied by the employment of common spatial pattern (CSP) and log-variance for extracting useful features. Six different classification algorithms, namely support vector machine, linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbor, naïve Bayes, decision trees, and logistic regression, have been compared to classify the EEG data accurately. The proposed framework achieved the best classification accuracies with logistic regression classifier for both datasets. Average classification accuracy of 90.42% has been attained on BCI Competition IV dataset 1 for seven different subjects, while for BCI Competition III dataset 4a, an average accuracy of 95.42% has been attained on five subjects. This indicates that the model can be used in real time BCI systems and provide extra-ordinary results for 2-class Motor Imagery (MI) signals classification applications and with some modifications this framework can also be made compatible for multi-class classification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Avais Khan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Rashid
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Robot Design and Development Lab, National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzaib
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq Malik
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arshia Arif
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Iqbal
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Robot Design and Development Lab, National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mubasher Saleem
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Umar Shahbaz Khan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Robot Design and Development Lab, National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Tiwana
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Robot Design and Development Lab, National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), Punjab, Pakistan
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Long T, Wan M, Jian W, Dai H, Nie W, Xu J. Application of multi-task transfer learning: The combination of EA and optimized subband regularized CSP to classification of 8-channel EEG signals with small dataset. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1143027. [PMID: 37056962 PMCID: PMC10089123 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1143027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe volume conduction effect and high dimensional characteristics triggered by the excessive number of channels of EEG cap-acquired signals in BCI systems can increase the difficulty of classifying EEG signals and the lead time of signal acquisition. We aim to combine transfer learning to decode EEG signals in the few-channel case, improve the classification performance of the motor imagery BCI system across subject cases, reduce the cost of signal acquisition performed by the BCI system, and improve the usefulness of the system.MethodsDataset2a from BCI CompetitionIV(2008) was used as Dataset1, and our team's self-collected dataset was used as Dataset2. Dataset1 acquired EEG signals from 9 subjects using a 22-channel device with a sampling frequency of 250 Hz. Dataset2 acquired EEG signals from 10 healthy subjects (8 males and 2 females; age distribution between 21-30 years old; mean age 25 years old) using an 8-channel system with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. We introduced EA in the data preprocessing process to reduce the signal differences between subjects and proposed VFB-RCSP in combination with RCSP and FBCSP to optimize the effect of feature extraction.ResultsExperiments were conducted on Dataset1 with EEG data containing only 8 channels and achieved an accuracy of 78.01 and a kappa coefficient of 0.54. The accuracy exceeded most of the other methods proposed in recent years, even though the number of channels used was significantly reduced. On Dataset 2, an accuracy of 59.77 and a Kappa coefficient of 0.34 were achieved, which is a significant improvement compared to other poorly improved classical protocols.DiscussionOur work effectively improves the classification of few-channel EEG data. It overcomes the dependence of existing algorithms on the number of channels, the number of samples, and the frequency band, which is significant for reducing the complexity of BCI models and improving the user-friendliness of BCI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taixue Long
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Information Engineering School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Wan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Jian
- Information Engineering School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjuan Jian
| | - Honghui Dai
- Information Engineering School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenbing Nie
- The Army Infantry College of PLA, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- The Army Infantry College of PLA, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Antony MJ, Sankaralingam BP, Mahendran RK, Gardezi AA, Shafiq M, Choi JG, Hamam H. Classification of EEG Using Adaptive SVM Classifier with CSP and Online Recursive Independent Component Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197596. [PMID: 36236694 PMCID: PMC9573537 DOI: 10.3390/s22197596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An efficient feature extraction method for two classes of electroencephalography (EEG) is demonstrated using Common Spatial Patterns (CSP) with optimal spatial filters. However, the effects of artifacts and non-stationary uncertainty are more pronounced when CSP filtering is used. Furthermore, traditional CSP methods lack frequency domain information and require many input channels. Therefore, to overcome this shortcoming, a feature extraction method based on Online Recursive Independent Component Analysis (ORICA)-CSP is proposed. For EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), especially online and real-time BCIs, the most widely used classifiers used to be linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machines (SVM). Previous evaluations clearly show that SVMs generally outperform other classifiers in terms of performance. In this case, Adaptive Support Vector Machine (A-SVM) is used for classification together with the ORICA-CSP method. The results are promising, and the experiments are performed on EEG data of 4 classes' motor images, namely Dataset 2a of BCI Competition IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Judith Antony
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai 600034, India
| | | | - Rakesh Kumar Mahendran
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Veltech Multitech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600062, India
| | - Akber Abid Gardezi
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Jin-Ghoo Choi
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Habib Hamam
- Faculty of Engineering, Uni de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- International Institute of Technology and Management, Commune d’Akanda, BP, Libreville 1989, Gabon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Spectrum of Knowledge Production & Skills Development, Sfax 3027, Tunisia
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Wang G, Cerf M. Brain-Computer Interface using neural network and temporal-spectral features. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:952474. [PMID: 36277476 PMCID: PMC9580359 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.952474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are increasingly useful for control. Such BCIs can be used to assist individuals who lost mobility or control over their limbs, for recreational purposes such as gaming or semi-autonomous driving, or as an interface toward man-machine integration. Thus far, the performance of algorithms used for thought decoding has been limited. We show that by extracting temporal and spectral features from electroencephalography (EEG) signals and, following, using deep learning neural network to classify those features, one can significantly improve the performance of BCIs in predicting which motor action was imagined by a subject. Our movement prediction algorithm uses Sequential Backward Selection technique to jointly choose temporal and spectral features and a radial basis function neural network for the classification. The method shows an average performance increase of 3.50% compared to state-of-the-art benchmark algorithms. Using two popular public datasets our algorithm reaches 90.08% accuracy (compared to an average benchmark of 79.99%) on the first dataset and 88.74% (average benchmark: 82.01%) on the second dataset. Given the high variability within- and across-subjects in EEG-based action decoding, we suggest that using features from multiple modalities along with neural network classification protocol is likely to increase the performance of BCIs across various tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suchow, China
| | - Moran Cerf
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Moran Cerf,
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Rithwik P, Benzy V, Vinod A. High accuracy decoding of motor imagery directions from EEG-based brain computer interface using filter bank spatially regularised common spatial pattern method. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Annaby M, Said M, Eldeib A, Rushdi M. EEG-based motor imagery classification using digraph Fourier transforms and extreme learning machines. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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