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Skibicki J, Wilk A, Koc W, Licow R, Szmagliński J, Chrostowski P, Judek S, Karwowski K, Grulkowski S. Reducing the Uncertainty of the Moving Object Location Measurement with the Method of Quasi-Multiple Measurement in GNSS Technology in Symmetrical Arrangement. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2657. [PMID: 36904862 PMCID: PMC10007239 DOI: 10.3390/s23052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a solution to the problem of limited accuracy of dynamic measurements performed with GNSS receivers. The proposed measurement method is a response to the needs related to the assessment of the measurement uncertainty of the position of the track axis of the rail transport line. However, the problem of reducing the measurement uncertainty is universal for many different situations where high accuracy of positioning of objects is required, especially in motion. The article proposes a new method to determine object's location using geometric constraints of a number of GNSS receivers arranged in symmetric configuration. The proposed method has been verified by comparing signals recorded by up to five GNSS receivers during stationary and dynamic measurements. The dynamic measurement was made on a tram track within the framework of a cycle of studies upon effective and efficient methods to catalogue and diagnose tracks. A detailed analysis of the results obtained with the quasi-multiple measurement method confirms remarkable reduction in their uncertainty. Their synthesis shows the usability of this method in dynamic conditions. The proposed method is expected to find application in measurements requiring high accuracy, and in case of deterioration of the signal quality from satellites by one or more of GNSS receivers due to the appearance of natural obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Skibicki
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wilk
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Władysław Koc
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roksana Licow
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Szmagliński
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Chrostowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Slawomir Judek
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Karwowski
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sławomir Grulkowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Wilk A, Gelman L, Skibicki J, Judek S, Karwowski K, Jakubowski A, Kaczmarek P. Novel Vision Monitoring Method Based on Multi Light Points for Space-Time Analysis of Overhead Contact Line Displacements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9281. [PMID: 36501987 PMCID: PMC9739504 DOI: 10.3390/s22239281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The article presents an innovative vision monitoring method of overhead contact line (OCL) displacement, which utilizes a set of LED light points installed along it. A light point is an, LED fed from a battery. Displacements of the LED points, recorded by a camera, are interpreted as a change of OCL shape in time and space. The vision system comprises a camera, properly situated with respect to the OCL, which is capable of capturing a dozen light points in its field of view. The monitoring system can be scaled by increasing the number of LED points and video cameras; thus, this method can be used for monitoring the motion of other large-size objects (e.g., several hundred meters). The applied method has made it possible to obtain the following novel results: vibration damping in a contact wire is nonlinear by nature and its intensity depends on the wire vibration amplitude; the natural frequency of contact wire vibration varies, and it is a function of vibration amplitude; the natural frequency of contact wire vibration also depends on the wire temperature. The proposed method can be used to monitor the uplift of contact and messenger wires in laboratory conditions, or for experimental OCL testing, as well as for verifying simulation models of OCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wilk
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Len Gelman
- Department of Engineering and Technology, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Jacek Skibicki
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Slawomir Judek
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Karwowski
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jakubowski
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Czaplewski K, Czaplewski B. The Concept of Using the Decision-Robustness Function in Integrated Navigation Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6157. [PMID: 36015918 PMCID: PMC9413862 DOI: 10.3390/s22166157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and non-uniformity of the positioning systems available in maritime navigation systems often impede the watchkeeping officer in the selection of the appropriate positioning system, in particular, in restricted basins. Thus, it is necessary to introduce a mathematical apparatus to suggest, in an automated manner, which of the available systems should be used at the given moment of a sea trip. Proper selection of the positioning system is particularly important in integrated navigation systems, in which the excess of navigation information may impede the final determinations. In this article, the authors propose the use of the decision-robustness function to assist in the process of selecting the appropriate positioning system and reduce the impact of navigation observations encumbered with large errors in self-positioning accuracy. The authors present a mathematical apparatus describing the decision function (a priori object), with the determination of decision-assistance criteria, and the robustness function (a posteriori object), with different types of attenuation function. In addition, the authors present a computer application integrating both objects in the decision-robustness function. The study was concluded by a test showing the practical application of the decision-robustness function proposed in the title.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Czaplewski
- Department of Navigation, Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-374 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Bartosz Czaplewski
- Department of Teleinformation Networks, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Study on the Positioning Accuracy of the GNSS/INS System Supported by the RTK Receiver for Railway Measurements. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the primary method for determining the object coordinates is positioning using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) supported by Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). The main goal of this solution is to ensure high positioning availability, particularly when access to satellite signals is limited (in tunnels, areas with densely concentrated buildings and in forest areas). The aim of this article is to determine whether the GNSS/INS system supported by the RTK receiver is suitable for the implementation of selected geodetic and construction tasks in railway engineering, such as determining the place and extent of rail track deformations (1 cm (p = 0.95)), the process of a rapid stocktaking of existing rail tracks (3 cm (p = 0.95)) and for design and construction works (10 cm (p = 0.95)), as well as what the impact of various terrain obstacles have on the obtained positioning accuracy of the tested system. During the research, one INS was used, the Ekinox2-U by the SBG Systems, which was supported by the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) receiver. GNSS/INS measurements were conducted on three representative sections varying in terms of terrain obstacles that limit the access to satellite signals during mobile railway measurements in Tricity (Poland). The acquired data allowed us to calculate the basic position accuracy measures that are commonly used in navigation and transport applications. On this basis, it was concluded that the Ekinox2-U system can satisfy the positioning accuracy requirements for rapid stocktaking of existing rail tracks (3 cm (p = 0.95)), as well as for design and construction works (10 cm (p = 0.95)). On the other hand, the system cannot be used to determine the place and extent of rail track deformations (1 cm (p = 0.95)).
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Robotic Railway Multi-Sensing and Profiling Unit Based on Artificial Intelligence and Data Fusion. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206876. [PMID: 34696089 PMCID: PMC8538696 DOI: 10.3390/s21206876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the research and results of field tests and simulations regarding an autonomous/robotic railway vehicle, designed to collect multiple information on safety and functional parameters of a surface railway and/or subway section, based on data fusion and machine learning. The maintenance of complex railways, or subway networks with long operating times is a difficult process and intensive resources consuming. The proposed solution delivers human operators in the fault management service and operations from the time-consuming task of railway inspection and measurements, by integrating several sensors and collecting most relevant information on railway, associated automation equipment and infrastructure on a single intelligent platform. The robotic cart integrates autonomy, remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and ability to detect even infrastructural anomalies. Moreover, via a future process of complex statistical filtering of data, it is foreseen that the solution might be configured to offer second-order information about infrastructure changes, such as land sliding, water flooding, or similar modifications. Results of simulations and field tests show the ability of the platform to integrate several fault management operations in a single process, useful in increasing railway capacity and resilience.
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Kostrzewski M, Melnik R. Condition Monitoring of Rail Transport Systems: A Bibliometric Performance Analysis and Systematic Literature Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144710. [PMID: 34300450 PMCID: PMC8309504 DOI: 10.3390/s21144710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Condition monitoring of rail transport systems has become a phenomenon of global interest over the past half a century. The approaches to condition monitoring of various rail transport systems—especially in the context of rail vehicle subsystem and track subsystem monitoring—have been evolving, and have become equally significant and challenging. The evolution of the approaches applied to rail systems’ condition monitoring has followed manual maintenance, through methods connected to the application of sensors, up to the currently discussed methods and techniques focused on the mutual use of automation, data processing, and exchange. The aim of this paper is to provide an essential overview of the academic research on the condition monitoring of rail transport systems. This paper reviews existing literature in order to present an up-to-date, content-based analysis based on a coupled methodology consisting of bibliometric performance analysis and systematic literature review. This combination of literature review approaches allows the authors to focus on the identification of the most influential contributors to the advances in research in the analyzed area of interest, and the most influential and prominent researchers, journals, and papers. These findings have led the authors to specify research trends related to the analyzed area, and additionally identify future research agendas in the investigation from engineering perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kostrzewski
- Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafał Melnik
- Faculty of Computer Science and Food Science, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, 18-400 Łomża, Poland;
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Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring and Condition Monitoring. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051558. [PMID: 33668107 PMCID: PMC7956286 DOI: 10.3390/s21051558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Adamcová D, Bartoň S, Osinski P, Pasternak G, Podlasek A, Vaverková MD, Koda E. Analytical Modelling of MSW Landfill Surface Displacement Based on GNSS Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20215998. [PMID: 33105892 PMCID: PMC7660209 DOI: 10.3390/s20215998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Displacements of landfills play an important role in the reclamation process and geotechnical safety improvement of such sites. Landfill settlements are defined as a vertical displacement of waste body due to compression, degradable nature of the waste, and creep phenomenon of the waste particles. Waste composition is more diverse than natural soil. Thus, it has to be properly placed and compacted since the landfill body will continuously settle down. Several models of the landfill displacement estimation have already been developed. The aim of the present study was: (i) to review the methods of landfill settlements computation and (ii) to propose the model allowing landfill body displacements simulation based on monitoring datasets applying a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurement. The new model employs Gauss-Newton iteration and Runge-Kutta methods to estimate landfill surface displacements. The objectives were to analyse and mathematically describe the landfill body displacements. The GNSS geodetic survey and computations allowed concluding that the landfill body has been transformed over the years. The results revealed that the curves of waste displacement are in agreement with the measured total displacement of the landfill, and all curves corresponding to waste displacement are perpendicular to the active edge of the landfill. In the period of a maximum of 4.5 years after the waste deposition with a layer of up to 16.2 m thickness, the phenomenon of expansion was observed, which then disappears, and more settlement occurs due to the gravity of upper layers. The analysed landfill as a whole does not experience significant displacements. Neither of the slope failures are observed, even for large inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Adamcová
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.A.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Stanislav Bartoň
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
| | - Piotr Osinski
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (G.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Grzegorz Pasternak
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (G.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Podlasek
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (G.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Magdalena Daria Vaverková
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.A.); (M.D.V.)
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (G.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Eugeniusz Koda
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (G.P.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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