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Eöllős-Jarošíková K, Neuman V, Jurado-Verdú CM, Teli SR, Zvánovec S, Komanec M. Long-distance indoor optical camera communication using side-emitting fibers as distributed transmitters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26980-26989. [PMID: 37710546 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a design approach for a long-distance optical camera communication (OCC) system using side-emitting fibers as distributed transmitters. We demonstrate our approach feasibility by increasing the transmission distance by two orders up to 40 m compared to previous works. Furthermore, we explore the effect of the light-emitting diode (LED) modulation frequency and rolling shutter camera exposure time on inter-symbol interference and its effective mitigation. Our proposed OCC-fiber link meets the forward-error-correction (FEC) limit of 3.8 · 10-3 of bit error rate (BER) for up to 35 m (with BER= 3.35 · 10-3) and 40 m (with BER=1.13 · 10-3) using 2-mm and 3-mm diameter side-emitting fibers, respectively. Our results at on-off keying modulation frequencies of 3.54 kHz and 5.28 kHz pave the way to moderate-distance outdoor and long-distance indoor highly-reliable applications in the Internet of Things and OCC using side-emitting fiber-based distributed transmitters.
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Tham PE, Ng YJ, Vadivelu N, Lim HR, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Show PL. Sustainable smart photobioreactor for continuous cultivation of microalgae embedded with Internet of Things. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126558. [PMID: 34906702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research work aims to fabricate an optimized up-scaled photobioreactor and extraction tank which incorporates the Internet of Things (IoT) for remote monitoring of selected parameters without being present in the lab as the industry is gradually moving towards the direction of remote operation. Several design factors were considered where modelling using ANSYS was carried out before the finalised design is drawn using AutoCAD. To monitor critical parameters that include liquid level, temperature, and pH condition during the operation of the tanks, water-proof sensors are implemented with the aid of Arduino NodeMCU board and the sensors are linked with Blynk, a smartphone application that allows remote monitoring via Wi-Fi connection. The sensors' results obtained using the Blynk application show high accuracy as compared with manual data except for photobioreactor liquid level. This shows that IoT and remote monitoring can be integrated successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei En Tham
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Yan Jer Ng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Navintran Vadivelu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia.
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Editorial to the Special Issue on "Visible Light Communications, Networking, and Sensing". SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124004. [PMID: 34200593 PMCID: PMC8227764 DOI: 10.3390/s21124004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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