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Skrzetuska E, Szablewska P. Textronic Solutions Used to Produce Layers Sensitive to Chemical Stimuli-Gas Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5893. [PMID: 37687586 PMCID: PMC10488809 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the intensive development of textronics, textronic applications are already visible in many areas of everyday life. Many researchers around the world have focused on the invention of textronic systems to increase security, create technological innovations and make everyday life easier and more interesting. Due to the wide use of chemical textile sensors, this review article lists scientific publications covering all types of wearable chemical sensors along with their latest developments. The latest developments from the last few years in moisture, pH, sweat and biomolecules sensors are described. In this review, greatest emphasis and detail was placed on textile gas sensors and their production methods. The use of, among others, graphene and zinc oxide grown on cotton fabric, colorimetric textiles based on halochromic dye, electronic graphene fabric based on lotus fibers and graphene oxide and zinc oxide nanorods were considered. Finally, this article summarizes our current knowledge on gas sensors, compares the detection properties of the presented projects and indicates future directions of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skrzetuska
- Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Institute of Material Science of Textiles and Polymer Composites, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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2
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Yang B, Yang S, Zhu X, Qi M, Li H, Lv Z, Cheng X, Wang F. Computer Vision Technology for Monitoring of Indoor and Outdoor Environments and HVAC Equipment: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6186. [PMID: 37448035 DOI: 10.3390/s23136186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence technologies such as computer vision (CV), machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), and robotics have advanced rapidly in recent years. The new technologies provide non-contact measurements in three areas: indoor environmental monitoring, outdoor environ-mental monitoring, and equipment monitoring. This paper summarizes the specific applications of non-contact measurement based on infrared images and visible images in the areas of personnel skin temperature, position posture, the urban physical environment, building construction safety, and equipment operation status. At the same time, the challenges and opportunities associated with the application of CV technology are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Min Qi
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - He Li
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhihan Lv
- Department of Game Design, Faculty of Arts, Uppsala University, SE-62167 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Faming Wang
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Mi J, Sun X, Zhang S, Liu N. Residential Environment Pollution Monitoring System Based on Cloud Computing and Internet of Things. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:1013300. [PMID: 36032802 PMCID: PMC9402352 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1013300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of single monitoring factor, weak comprehensive analysis ability, and poor real time performance in traditional environmental monitoring systems, a research method of residential environment pollution monitoring system based on cloud computing and Internet of Things is proposed. The method mainly includes two parts: an environmental monitoring terminal and an environmental pollution monitoring and management platform. Through the Wi-Fi module, the data is sent to the environmental pollution monitoring and management platform in real time. The environmental monitoring management platform is mainly composed of environmental pollution monitoring server, web server, and mobile terminal. The results are as follows. The data measured by the system is close to the data measured by the instrument, and the overall error is small. The measurement error of harmful gases is about 6%. PM 2.5 is about 6.5%. Noise is about 1%. The average time for sensor data update is 0.762 s. The average alarm response time is 2 s. The average data transfer time is 2 s. Practice has proved that the environmental pollution monitoring and alarm system operates stably and can realize real-time collection and transmission of data such as noise, PM 2.5, harmful gas concentration, illumination, GPS, and video images, providing a reliable guarantee for timely environmental pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mi
- College of Information Science and Engineering, HeBei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Xinghua Sun
- College of Information Science and Engineering, HeBei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, HeBei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Naidi Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, HeBei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
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An Energy-Autonomous Smart Shirt Employing Wearable Sensors for Users’ Safety and Protection in Hazardous Workplaces. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wearable devices represent a versatile technology in the IoT paradigm, enabling non-invasive and accurate data collection directly from the human body. This paper describes the development of a smart shirt to monitor working conditions in particularly dangerous workplaces. The wearable device integrates a wide set of sensors to locally acquire the user’s vital signs (e.g., heart rate, blood oxygenation, and temperature) and environmental parameters (e.g., the concentration of dangerous gas species and oxygen level). Electrochemical gas-monitoring modules were designed and integrated into the garment for acquiring the concentrations of CO, O2, CH2O, and H2S. The acquired data are wirelessly sent to a cloud platform (IBM Cloud), where they are displayed, processed, and stored. A mobile application was deployed to gather data from the wearable devices and forward them toward the cloud application, enabling the system to operate in areas where a WiFi hotspot is not available. Additionally, the smart shirt comprises a multisource harvesting section to scavenge energy from light, body heat, and limb movements. Indeed, the wearable device integrates several harvesters (thin-film solar panels, thermoelectric generators (TEGs), and piezoelectric transducers), a low-power conditioning section, and a 380 mAh LiPo battery to accumulate the recovered charge. Field tests indicated that the harvesting section could provide up to 216 mW mean power, fully covering the power requirements (P¯ = 1.86 mW) of the sensing, processing, and communication sections in all considered conditions (3.54 mW in the worst-case scenario). However, the 380 mAh LiPo battery guarantees about a 16-day lifetime in the complete absence of energy contributions from the harvesting section.
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Cureau RJ, Pigliautile I, Pisello AL. A New Wearable System for Sensing Outdoor Environmental Conditions for Monitoring Hyper-Microclimate. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020502. [PMID: 35062468 PMCID: PMC8779384 DOI: 10.3390/s22020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid urbanization process brings consequences to urban environments, such poor air quality and the urban heat island issues. Due to these effects, environmental monitoring is gaining attention with the aim of identifying local risks and improving cities’ liveability and resilience. However, these environments are very heterogeneous, and high-spatial-resolution data are needed to identify the intra-urban variations of physical parameters. Recently, wearable sensing techniques have been used to perform microscale monitoring, but they usually focus on one environmental physics domain. This paper presents a new wearable system developed to monitor key multidomain parameters related to the air quality, thermal, and visual domains, on a hyperlocal scale from a pedestrian’s perspective. The system consisted of a set of sensors connected to a control unit settled on a backpack and could be connected via Wi-Fi to any portable equipment. The device was prototyped to guarantee the easy sensors maintenance, and a user-friendly dashboard facilitated a real-time monitoring overview. Several tests were conducted to confirm the reliability of the sensors. The new device will allow comprehensive environmental monitoring and multidomain comfort investigations to be carried out, which can support urban planners to face the negative effects of urbanization and to crowd data sourcing in smart cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Jacoby Cureau
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Center on Pollution and Environment Mauro Felli, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (R.J.C.); (I.P.)
| | - Ilaria Pigliautile
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Center on Pollution and Environment Mauro Felli, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (R.J.C.); (I.P.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Pisello
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Center on Pollution and Environment Mauro Felli, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (R.J.C.); (I.P.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Salamone F, Masullo M, Sibilio S. Wearable Devices for Environmental Monitoring in the Built Environment: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4727. [PMID: 34300467 PMCID: PMC8309593 DOI: 10.3390/s21144727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The so-called Internet of Things (IoT), which is rapidly increasing the number of network-connected and interconnected objects, could have a far-reaching impact in identifying the link between human health, well-being, and environmental concerns. In line with the IoT concept, many commercial wearables have been introduced in recent years, which differ from the usual devices in that they use the term "smart" alongside the terms "watches", "glasses", and "jewellery". Commercially available wearables aim to enhance smartphone functionality by enabling payment for commercial items or monitoring physical activity. However, what is the trend of scientific production about the concept of wearables regarding environmental monitoring issues? What are the main areas of interest covered by scientific production? What are the main findings and limitations of the developed solution in this field? The methodology used to answer the above questions is based on a systematic review. The data were acquired following a reproducible methodology. The main result is that, among the thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality environmental factors, the last one is the most considered when using wearables even though in combination with some others. Another relevant finding is that of the acquired studies; in only one, the authors shared their wearables as an open-source device, and it will probably be necessary to encourage researchers to consider open-source as a means to promote scalability and proliferation of new wearables customized to cover different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Salamone
- Construction Technologies Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ITC-CNR), Via Lombardia, 49, San Giuliano Milanese, 20098 Milano, Italy
- Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via San Lorenzo, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Massimiliano Masullo
- Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via San Lorenzo, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sergio Sibilio
- Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via San Lorenzo, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (M.M.); (S.S.)
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A Novel Software Architecture Solution with a Focus on Long-Term IoT Device Security Support. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a solution for upgrading a previous device model to an Industry 4.0 smart device, with the goal of maintaining high compatibility. A novel IoT architecture is presented that satisfies the characteristics of a smart device. We analysed existing IoT architectures and proposed a new architecture to achieve long-term security and usability. To ensure long-term security, we eliminated the possibility of device configuration outside the immediate vicinity of the device with a dedicated protocol. The security concepts of the existing architectures were also analysed and further modified. To improve compatibility with previous device models, we propose a new method to collect data from sensors by introducing a multithreaded microcontroller. We propose additional software components to ensure factory programming, maintenance, and cloud Big Data analysis. Based on our experiments, we adapted the algorithm to increase the accuracy of the temperature and flow sensors by using a temperature calibration device and known flow cycles. Measurement results are presented to confirm the successful upgrade. We designed a hardware architecture to ensure compatibility with previous and future device models. Issues with previous sensors encountered during the upgrade were discussed and resolved. A novel software architecture based on security for long-term IoT devices is proposed.
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