Performance Analysis of IoT and Long-Range Radio-Based Sensor Node and Gateway Architecture for Solid Waste Management

Efficient implementation of image representation, visual geometry group with 19 layers and residual network with 152 layers for intrusion detection from UNSW‐NB15 dataset

The Internet offers humanity many distinctive and indispensable services, whether for individuals or for institutions and companies. This great role has attracted the Internet attackers to develop their mechanisms to capture and obtain the data by illegal methods. This growth in the number of cyber‐attacks made scientists in a real challenge, to find advanced methods to face this danger. Due to the shortcomings of traditional data security means such as firewalls, encryption, and so forth, the motivation became to develop alternative systems to detect smart attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have made remarkable progress in cyber‐security. They monitor the traffic in real time and continuously to detect the network attacks, giving alerts to the network administrator. In this article, two IDSs are introduced based on principles of transfer learning (TL) with convolutional neural networks. Our systems are built using the visual geometry group (VGG19) and residual network with 152 layers (ResNet152). UNSW‐NB15 intrusion detection dataset is used to evaluate the models. The proposals achieve high levels of precision, recall, and F1_score as 99%, 99%, and 99%, respectively. These achievements prove the efficiency of the proposed models in capturing cyber‐attacks with low alert rates.

Secure biometric systems based on bio-signals and DNA encryption of optical spectrograms

Recently, biometrics has become widely used in applications to verify an individual's identity. To address security issues, biometrics presents an intriguing window of opportunity to enhance the usability and security of the Internet of Things (IoT) and other systems. It can be used to secure a variety of newly emerging IoT devices. However, biometric scenarios need more protection against different hacking attempts. Various solutions are introduced to secure biometrics. Cryptosystems, cancelable biometrics, and hybrid systems are efficient solutions for template protection. The new trend in biometric authentication systems is to use bio-signals. In this paper, two proposed authentication systems are introduced based on bio-signals. One of them is unimodal, while the other is multimodal. Protected templates are obtained depending on encryption. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encryption is implemented on the obtained optical spectrograms of bio-signals. The authentication process relies on the DNA sensitivity to variations in the initial values. In the multimodal system, the singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm is implemented to merge bio-signals. Different evaluation metrics are used to assess the performance of the proposed systems. Simulation results prove the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed systems as the equal error rate (EER) value is close to 0 and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AROC) is close to 1. The false accept rate (FAR), false reject rate (FRR), and decidability (D) are also estimated with acceptable results of 1.6 × 10^-8, 9.05 × 10^-6, and 29.34, respectively. Simulation results indicate the performance stability of the proposed systems in the presence of different levels of noise.

Developing Smartness in Emerging Environments and Applications with a Focus on the Internet of Things

The smartness that underpins smart cities and societies is defined by our ability to engage with our environments, analyze them, and make decisions, all in a timely manner [...].

Dairy 4.0: Intelligent Communication Ecosystem for the Cattle Animal Welfare with Blockchain and IoT Enabled Technologies

An intelligent ecosystem with real-time wireless technology is now playing a key role in meeting the sustainability requirements set by the United Nations. Dairy cattle are a major source of milk production all over the world. To meet the food demand of the growing population with maximum productivity, it is necessary for dairy farmers to adopt real-time monitoring technologies. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in dairy cattle to drastically improve their ecosystem. Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality, and supply chain, feed monitoring and safety, etc., have been discussed briefly. Furthermore, generalized architecture has been proposed that can be directly applied in the future for breakthroughs in research and development linked to data gathering and the processing of applications through edge devices, robots, drones, and blockchain for building intelligent ecosystems. In addition, the article discusses the possibilities and challenges of implementing previous techniques for different activities in dairy cattle. High computing power-based wearable devices, renewable energy harvesting, drone-based furious animal attack detection, and blockchain with IoT assisted systems for the milk supply chain are the vital recommendations addressed in this study for the effective implementation of the intelligent ecosystem in dairy cattle.

Hybrid Architecture Based System for the Establishment of Sustainable Environment in a Construction Site with 433 MHz LoRa and 2.4 GHz Zigbee

The rapid development of technology has empowered us to achieve resilient infrastructure to establish a sustainable ecosystem. The construction site is one of the highest risk jobs for accident-related fatalities and injuries globally. From the previous studies, it is concluded that untrained or inexperienced workers were responsible for 40% of work-related accidents and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) report concludes that inadequate working experience, knowledge, and safety awareness were the key causes of fatal accidents in the construction industry. Moreover, it is identified from previous studies that digital technology such as IoT with the assistance of wireless sensors can enhance the safety of construction sites. Based on this advantage, this study has implemented the hybrid architecture with the integration of the 2.4 GHz Zigbee, 433 MHz long-range (LoRa), and Wi-Fi communication protocol to monitor the health status of workers and construction sites and also to identify workers’ equipment wearing status in real-time scenarios. The proposed architecture is realized by implementing customized hardware, based on 2.4 GHz Zigbee, 433 MHz long-range (LoRa), and Wi-Fi. Furthermore, in the analysis of the evaluation metrics of LoRa, it is concluded that the lowest sensitivity is observed for SF 12 at BW 41.7 kHz and the highest is observed for SF 7 at BW 500 kHz; the maximum value data rate is observed at BW 500 kHz at CR 1 for SF 7, and the minimum data rate is observed at BW 41.7 at CR 4 for SF 12. In the future, the customized hardware will be implemented in different construction environments resolving possible challenges that empower to implementation of the proposed architecture in wide extensions.

Toward a Cleaner and more Sustainable World: A Framework to Develop and Improve Waste Management through Organizations, Governments and Academia

Waste production is expected to reach 3.40 billion tons annually in 2050. To decrease its negative impacts on the environment generated by human activities, waste management (WM) aims to increase the products life cycle and reduce the use of energy and space. Thus, this work aims to propose a framework with actions to develop and improve WM in the Triple Helix (TH) sectors: organizations, governments, and academia. The framework was developed based on the benchmarking of the technical-scientific scenario and the opportunities and challenges of WM added to the authors' experiences. This study was conducted using a combined method of the literature review and content analysis of articles present in the Scopus database, patents identified in the Orbit database, and governmental actions. As a result, 32 actions have been proposed through the framework, distributed among the TH sectors. The countries analyzed were China, India, and the United States, which highlighted because of the h-index and number of patents published. The main scientific contribution of this work is to add empirical elements coming directly from public and private institutions to the theory about WM, forming a block of knowledge with characteristics closer to reality. The major applied contribution of this work is the proposition of actions to the TH sectors, enabling the development of solutions and technologies to improve WM.

Sensor-Based Solid Waste Handling Systems: A Survey

As a consequence of swiftly growing populations in the urban areas, larger quantities of solid waste also form rapidly. Since urban local bodies are found to be unable to manage this perilous situation effectively, there is a high probability of risks relative to the environment and public health. A sudden change is indispensable in the existing systems that are developed for the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste, which are entangled in turmoil. However, Smart sensors and wireless technology enable cyber-physical systems to automate solid waste management, which will revolutionize the industry. This work presents a comprehensive study on the evolution of automation approaches in solid waste management systems. This study is enhanced by dissecting the available literature in solid waste management with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), and Internet of Things (IoT)-based approaches and analyzing each category with a typical architecture, respectively. In addition, various communication technologies adopted in the aforementioned categories are critically analyzed to identify the best choice for the deployment of trash bins. From the survey, it is inferred that IoT-based systems are superior to other design approaches, and LoRaWAN is identified as the preferred communication protocol for the automation of solid waste handling systems in urban areas. Furthermore, the critical open research issues on state-of-the-art solid waste handling systems are identified and future directions to address the same topic are suggested.

Hybrid Architectural Network Implementation to Realize a Fire Evacuation Path with 2.4 GHz Zigbee and LoRa

The Internet of Things (IoT) is playing a significant role in realizing real monitoring. In fire safety and evacuation, early fire event detection using IoT-enabled sensors may help to control and minimize further consequences of the fire accident. In this study, we propose a hybrid architecture based on 2.4 GHz Zigbee and long-range (LoRa) for real-time fire detection, monitoring, and assisting in the safe evacuation of the building. The architecture comprises five different components, namely: end device, evacuation path display controller, safety operation controller, vision node, and gateway. The end device and vision node provide real-time sensory data and visuals that provide details of fire occurrence. The evacuation path display controller and the safety operation controller based on the 2.4 GHz Zigbee receive data from the end device and make the decision accordingly. In addition, a Zigbee simulation is performed on the OPNET simulator to analyze the network parameters such as throughput, retransmission attempts, medium access (MAC) queue size and queue delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The evaluation metrics of link budget and ToA of LoRa are also calculated by varying the code rate and spreading factor. To realize the proposed architecture, customization of hardware is carried out with the development of hardware prototypes. Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm is implemented in the evacuation path display controller to provide the shortest evacuation path during a fire incident. The hardware of the system is implemented in real-time, and the system provides real-time sensor data along with the evacuation path.

Water Quality Monitoring and Management of Building Water Tank Using Industrial Internet of Things

Water being one of the foremost needs for human survival, conservation, and management of the resource must be given ultimate significance. Water demand has increased tremendously all over the world from the past decade due to urbanization, climatic change, and ineffective management of water. The advancement in sensor and wireless communication technology encourages implementing the IoT in a wide range. In this study, an IoT-based architecture is proposed and implemented for monitoring the level and quality of water in a domestic water tank with customized hardware based on 2.4 GHz radiofrequency (RF) communication. Moreover, the ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module-based upper tank monitoring of the proposed architecture encourages provide real-time information about the tank through internet protocol (IP). The customized hardware is designed and evaluated in the Proteus simulation environment. The calibration of the pH sensor and ultrasonic value is carried out for setting the actual value in the prototype for obtaining the error-free value. The customized hardware that is developed for monitoring the level and quality of water is implemented. The real-time visualization and monitoring of the water tank are realized with the cloud-enabled Virtuino app.

Internet of Things and Long-Range-Based Smart Lampposts for Illuminating Smart Cities

Intelligent and resilient infrastructure is necessary for smart cities for contributing flexible and smart amenities to the citizens. Concerning the United Nations (UN) estimation, the global population residing in urban cities will reach 68% by 2050. Additionally, the Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP) report suggests implementing energy efficiency technologies in smart cities to meet the rising urban population requirement. Internet of Things (IoT) technology empowers to achieve the goal of energy efficiency by integrating sensors, wireless technology, and renewable energy sources in the lighting system. At present, the IoT-based lighting system in urban cities is implemented with streetlamps and lampposts. In this study, we are focusing on lampposts, as it has the flexibility of establishing and implementing a multitude of applications on a single system. Due to technological advancement, the lamppost is embedded with multiple sensors, communication protocols, and energy distribution infrastructure for delivering smart and affordable amenities to the citizens residing in the smart cities. This motivates us to implement a smart lamppost that provides a multitude of applications such as smart light, digital signs, environmental monitoring conditions, electric vehicle (EV) charging port, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) hotspot, etc., on a single lamppost. This study proposed the IoT-assisted fog and edge-based smart lamppost for the smart cities to realize the smart infrastructure. Further, this smart lamppost is integrated with low power and long-range communication, i.e., Long Range (LoRa), enabling the smart lamppost to communicate the sensory data to a long-range. Additionally, LoRa is integrated with a Wi-Fi module for establishing the interconnection between the smart lamppost and IoT server. Generally, the proposed architecture is broad perspective; however, we have developed and implemented the hardware models of three components including lighting system, environmental parameters and image sensing in real time. Lighting system and environmental parameter monitoring are integrated on same hardware model for sensing and logging the real-time values of temperature, humidity, CO and light intensity on the IoT server. The developed image sensing prototype based on ESP 32 controller is also evaluated in real-time scenarios, and the performance of the prototype is efficient. The proposed system delivers reliable performance in terms of sensing and communicating environmental parameters and images to the IoT server. Moreover, in future, we will complete the development of other components of the smart lamppost for enhancing the smarter infrastructure in smart cities.