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Averkiev A, Rodriguez RD, Fatkullin M, Lipovka A, Yang B, Jia X, Kanoun O, Sheremet E. Towards solving the reproducibility crisis in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based pesticide detection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173262. [PMID: 38768719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Growing concerns about pesticide residues in agriculture are pushing the scientific community to develop innovative and efficient methods for detecting these substances at low concentrations down to the molecular level. In this context, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical method that has so far already undergone some validation for its effectiveness in pesticide detection. However, despite its great potential, SERS faces significant difficulties obtaining reproducible and accurate pesticide spectra, particularly for some of the most widely used pesticides, such as malathion, chlorpyrifos, and imidacloprid. Those inconsistencies can be attributed to several factors, such as interactions between pesticides and SERS substrates and the variety of substrates and solvents used. In addition, differences in the equipment used to obtain SERS spectra and the lack of standards for control experiments further complicate the reproducibility and reliability of SERS data. This review systematically discusses the problems mentioned above, including a comprehensive analysis of the challenges in precisely evaluating SERS spectra for pesticide detection. We not only point out the existing limitations of the method, which can be traced in previous review works, but also offer practical recommendations to improve the quality and comparability of SERS spectra, thereby expanding the potential applications of the method in such an essential field as pesticide detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Lipovka
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Professorship of Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
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Chu BY, Lin C, Nie PC, Xia ZY. Research Status in the Use of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) to Detect Pesticide Residues in Foods and Plant-Derived Chinese Herbal Medicines. Int J Anal Chem 2024; 2024:5531430. [PMID: 38250173 PMCID: PMC10798841 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5531430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology has unique advantages in the rapid detection of pesticides in plant-derived foods, leading to reduced detection limits and increased accuracy. Plant-derived Chinese herbal medicines have similar sources to plant-derived foods; however, due to the rough surfaces and complex compositions of herbal medicines, the detection of pesticide residues in this context continues to rely heavily on traditional methods, which are time consuming and laborious and are unable to meet market demands for portability. The application of flexible nanomaterials and SERS technology in this realm would allow rapid and accurate detection in a portable format. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the underlying principles and characteristics of SERS technology, with particular focus on applications of SERS for the analysis of pesticide residues in agricultural products. This paper summarizes recent research progress in the field from three main directions: sample pretreatment, SERS substrates, and data processing. The prospects and limitations of SERS technology are also discussed, in order to provide theoretical support for rapid detection of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chi Lin
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Nie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Xia
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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Zhang C, Xue Y. Estimation of Biochemical Pigment Content in Poplar Leaves Using Proximal Multispectral Imaging and Regression Modeling Combined with Feature Selection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:217. [PMID: 38203082 PMCID: PMC10781383 DOI: 10.3390/s24010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring the biochemical pigment contents in individual plants is crucial for assessing their health statuses and physiological states. Fast, low-cost measurements of plants' biochemical traits have become feasible due to advances in multispectral imaging sensors in recent years. This study evaluated the field application of proximal multispectral imaging combined with feature selection and regressive analysis to estimate the biochemical pigment contents of poplar leaves. The combination of 6 spectral bands and 26 vegetation indices (VIs) derived from the multispectral bands was taken as the group of initial variables for regression modeling. Three variable selection algorithms, including the forward selection algorithm with correlation analysis (CORR), recursive feature elimination algorithm (RFE), and sequential forward selection algorithm (SFS), were explored as candidate methods for screening combinations of input variables from the 32 spectral-derived initial variables. Partial least square regression (PLSR) and nonlinear support vector machine regression (SVR) were both applied to estimate total chlorophyll content (Chla+b) and carotenoid content (Car) at the leaf scale. The results show that the nonlinear SVR prediction model based on optimal variable combinations, selected by SFS using multiple scatter correction (MSC) preprocessing data, achieved the best estimation accuracy and stable prediction performance for the leaf pigment content. The Chla+b and Car models developed using the optimal model had R2 and RMSE predictive statistics of 0.849 and 0.825 and 5.116 and 0.869, respectively. This study demonstrates the advantages of using a nonlinear SVR model combined with SFS variable selection to obtain a more reliable estimation model for leaf biochemical pigment content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsai Zhang
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yong Xue
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Computing and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
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Ong P, Yeh CW, Tsai IL, Lee WJ, Wang YJ, Chuang YK. Evaluation of convolutional neural network for non-destructive detection of imidacloprid and acetamiprid residues in chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) based on visible near-infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123214. [PMID: 37531681 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of agricultural products with pesticide residue is risky and can negatively affect health. This study proposed a nondestructive method of detecting pesticide residues in chili pepper based on the combination of visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy (400-2498 nm) and deep learning modeling. The obtained spectra of chili peppers with two types of pesticide residues (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) were analyzed using a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). Compared with the commonly used partial least squares regression model, the 1D-CNN approach yielded higher prediction accuracy, with a root mean square error of calibration of 0.23 and 0.28 mg/kg and a root mean square error of prediction of 0.55 and 0.49 mg/kg for the acetamiprid and imidacloprid data sets, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of the 1D-CNN model and VIS/NIR spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive method of identifying pesticide residues in chili pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Ong
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Ching-Wen Yeh
- Master's Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - I-Lin Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Kun Chuang
- Master's Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Zhang M, Xue J, Li Y, Yin J, Liu Y, Wang K, Li Z. Non-destructive detection and recognition of pesticide residue levels on cauliflowers using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4327-4342. [PMID: 37589297 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two prediction models were developed using visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) for the detection of pesticide residues of avermectin, dichlorvos, and chlorothalonil at different concentration levels on the surface of cauliflowers. Five samples of each of the three different types of pesticide were prepared at different concentrations and sprayed in groups on the surface of the corresponding cauliflower samples. Utilizing the spectral data collected in the Vis/NIR as input values, comparison and analysis of preprocessed spectral data, and regression coefficient (RC), successive projections algorithm (SPA), and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) were used in turn to downscale the data to select the main feature wavelengths, and PLS-DA and LS-SVM models were built for comparison. The results showed that the RC-LS-SVM was the best discriminant model for detecting avermectin residues concentration on the surface of cauliflowers, with a prediction set discriminant accuracy of 98.33%. For detecting different concentrations of dichlorvos, the SPA-LS-SVM had the best predictive accuracy of 95%. The accuracy of the model based on CARS-PLS-DA to identify chlorothalonil at different concentration levels on cauliflower surfaces reached 93.33%. The results demonstrated that the Vis/NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics could quickly and effectively identify pesticide residues on cauliflower surfaces, affording a certain reference for the rapid recognition of different pesticide residue concentrations on cauliflower surfaces. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Vis/NIR spectroscopy can detect the concentration levels of pesticide residues on the surface of cauliflowers and help food regulators quickly and non-destructively detect traces of pesticides in food, providing a guarantee for food safety. The technique also provides a basis for determining pesticide residue concentrations on the surface of other vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhang
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yaodi Li
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junyi Yin
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zezhen Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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Screening for pesticide residues in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by portable infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 2023; 257:124386. [PMID: 36858014 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid assessment of pesticide residues ensures cocoa bean quality and marketability. In this study, a portable FTIR instrument equipped with a triple reflection attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory was used to screen cocoa beans for pesticide residues. Cocoa beans (n = 75) were obtained from major cocoa growing regions of Peru and were quantified for pesticides by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The FTIR spectra were used to detect the presence of pesticides in cocoa beans or lipid fraction (butter) by using a pattern recognition (Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy, SIMCA) algorithm, which produced a significant discrimination for cocoa nibs (free or with pesticides). The variables related to the class grouping were assigned to the aliphatic (3200-2800 cm-1) region with an interclass distance (ICD) of 3.3. Subsequently, the concentration of pesticides in cocoa beans was predicted using a partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR), using an internal validation of the PLRS model, the cross-validation correlation coefficient (Rval = 0.954) and the cross-validation standard error (SECV = 14.9 mg/kg) were obtained. Additionally, an external validation was performed, obtaining the prediction correlation coefficient (Rpre = 0.940) and the standard error of prediction (SEP = 16.0 μg/kg) with high statistical performances, which demonstrates the excellent predictability of the PLSR model in a similar real application. The developed FTIR method presented limits of detection and quantification (LOD = 9.8 μg/kg; LOQ = 23.1 μg/kg) with four optimum factors (PC). Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) offered a viable alternative for field screening of cocoa.
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Yu G, Li H, Li Y, Hu Y, Wang G, Ma B, Wang H. Multiscale Deepspectra Network: Detection of Pyrethroid Pesticide Residues on the Hami Melon. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091742. [PMID: 37174281 PMCID: PMC10177868 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem of pyrethroid residues has become a topical issue, posing a potential food safety concern. Pyrethroid pesticides are widely used to prevent and combat pests in Hami melon cultivation. Due to its high sensitivity and accuracy, gas chromatography (GC) is used most frequently for detecting pyrethroid pesticide residues. However, GC has a high cost and complex operation. This study proposed a deep-learning approach based on the one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), named Deepspectra network, to detect pesticide residues on the Hami melon based on visible/near-infrared (380-1140 nm) spectroscopy. Three combinations of convolution kernels were compared in the single-scale Deepspectra network. The convolution group of "5 × 1" and "3 × 1" kernels obtained a better overall performance. The multiscale Deepspectra network was compared to three single-scale Deepspectra networks on the preprocessing spectral data and obtained better results. The coefficient of determination (R2) for lambda-cyhalothrin and beta-cypermethrin was 0.758 and 0.835, respectively. The residual predictive deviation (RPD) for lambda-cyhalothrin and beta-cypermethrin was 2.033 and 2.460, respectively. The Deepspectra networks were compared with two conventional regression models: partial least square regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR). The results showed that the multiscale Deepspectra network outperformed the other models. It was found that the multiscale Deepspectra network could be a novel approach for the quantitative estimation of pyrethroid pesticide residues on the Hami melon. These findings can also provide an effective strategy for spectral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
- Food Quality Supervision and Testing Center (Shihezi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yujie Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yating Hu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832003, China
- Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Characteristic Cash Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Benxue Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832003, China
- Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Characteristic Cash Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Huting Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832003, China
- Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Characteristic Cash Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832003, China
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Taghinezhad E, Szumny A, Figiel A. The Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technologies for the Prediction and Measurement of the Moisture Content of Various Agricultural Crops during the Drying Process. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072930. [PMID: 37049695 PMCID: PMC10096048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drying is one of the common procedures in the food processing steps. The moisture content (MC) is also of crucial significance in the evaluation of the drying technique and quality of the final product. However, conventional MC evaluation methods suffer from several drawbacks, such as long processing time, destruction of the sample and the inability to determine the moisture of single grain samples. In this regard, the technology and knowledge of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) were addressed first. Then, the reports on the use of this technology as a rapid, non-destructive, and precise method were explored for the prediction and detection of the MC of crops during their drying process. After spectrometry, researchers have employed various pre-processing and merging data techniques to decrease and eliminate spectral noise. Then, diverse methods such as linear and multiple regressions and machine learning were used to model and predict the MC. Finally, the best wavelength capable of precise estimation of the MC was reported. Investigation of the previous studies revealed that HSI technology could be employed as a valuable technique to precisely control the drying process. Smart dryers are expected to be commercialised and industrialised soon by the development of portable systems capable of an online MC measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Taghinezhad
- Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, CK Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, CK Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Figiel
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37a, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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Sindhu S, Manickavasagan A. Nondestructive testing methods for pesticide residue in food commodities: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1226-1256. [PMID: 36710657 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides play an important role in increasing the overall yield and productivity of agricultural foods by controlling pests, insects, and numerous plant-related diseases. However, the overuse of pesticides has resulted in pesticide contamination of food products and water bodies, as well as disruption of ecological and environmental systems. Global health authorities have set limits for pesticide residues in individual food products to ensure the availability of safe foods in the supply system and to assist farmers in developing the best agronomic practices for crop production. Therefore, the use of nondestructive testing (NDT) methods for pesticide residue detection is gaining interest in the food supply chain. The NDT techniques have several advantages, such as simultaneous measurement of chemical and physical characteristics of food without destroying the product. Although numerous studies have been conducted on NDT for pesticide residue in agro-food products, there are still challenges in real-time implementation. Further study on NDT methods is needed to establish their potential for supplementing existing methods, identifying mixed pesticides, and performing volumetric quantification (not surface accumulation alone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Sindhu
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Nondestructive Detection of Pesticide Residue (Chlorpyrifos) on Bok Choi ( Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) Using a Portable NIR Spectrometer Coupled with a Machine Learning Approach. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050955. [PMID: 36900472 PMCID: PMC10001395 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of agricultural products, such as vegetables, by pesticide residues has received considerable attention worldwide. Pesticide residue on vegetables constitutes a potential risk to human health. In this study, we combined near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with machine learning algorithms, including partial least-squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and principal component artificial neural network (PC-ANN), to identify pesticide residue (chlorpyrifos) on bok choi. The experimental set comprised 120 bok choi samples obtained from two small greenhouses that were cultivated separately. We performed pesticide and pesticide-free treatments with 60 samples in each group. The vegetables for pesticide treatment were fortified with 2 mL/L of chlorpyrifos 40% EC residue. We connected a commercial portable NIR spectrometer with a wavelength range of 908-1676 nm to a small single-board computer. We analyzed the pesticide residue on bok choi using UV spectrophotometry. The most accurate model correctly classified 100% of the samples used in the calibration set in terms of the content of chlorpyrifos residue on samples using SVM and PC-ANN with raw data spectra. Thus, we tested the model using an unknown dataset of 40 samples to verify the robustness of the model, which produced a satisfactory F1-score (100%). We concluded that the proposed portable NIR spectrometer coupled with machine learning approaches (PLS-DA, SVM, and PC-ANN) is appropriate for the detection of chlorpyrifos residue on bok choi.
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Sun L, Cui X, Fan X, Suo X, Fan B, Zhang X. Automatic detection of pesticide residues on the surface of lettuce leaves using images of feature wavelengths spectrum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:929999. [PMID: 36777538 PMCID: PMC9909533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The inappropriate application of pesticides to vegetable crops often results in environmental pollution, which seriously impacts the environment and human health. Given that current methods of pesticide residue detection are associated with issues such as low accuracy, high equipment cost, and complex flow, this study puts forward a new method for detecting pesticide residues on lettuce leaves. To establish this method, spectral analysis was used to determine the characteristic wavelength of pesticide residues (709 nm), machine vision equipment was improved, and a bandpass filter and light source of characteristic wavelength were installed to acquire leaf image information. Next, image preprocessing and feature information extraction were automatically implemented through programming. Several links were established for the training model so that the required feature information could be automatically extracted after the batch input of images. The pesticide residue detected using the chemical method was taken as the output and modeled, together with the input image information, using the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. Furthermore, a prediction program was rewritten to generalize the input images during the prediction process and directly obtain the output pesticide residue. The experimental results revealed that when the detection device and method designed in this study were used to detect pesticide residues on lettuce leaves in a key state laboratory, the coefficient of determination of the equation reached 0.883, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.134 mg/L, indicating high accuracy and that the proposed method integrated the advantages of spectrum detection and deep learning. According to comparison testing, the proposed method can meet Chinese national standards in terms of accuracy. Moreover, the improved machine vision equipment was less expensive, thus providing powerful support for the application and popularization of the proposed method.
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Geographical Origin Identification of Chinese Tomatoes Using Long-Wave Fourier-Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Deep Learning Methods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Khorramifar A, Sharabiani VR, Karami H, Kisalaei A, Lozano J, Rusinek R, Gancarz M. Investigating Changes in pH and Soluble Solids Content of Potato during the Storage by Electronic Nose and Vis/NIR Spectroscopy. Foods 2022; 11:4077. [PMID: 36553819 PMCID: PMC9778509 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato is an important agricultural product, ranked as the fourth most common product in the human diet. Potato can be consumed in various forms. As customers expect safe and high-quality products, precise and rapid determination of the quality and composition of potatoes is of crucial significance. The quality of potatoes may alter during the storage period due to various phenomena. Soluble solids content (SSC) and pH are among the quality parameters experiencing alteration during the storage process. This study is thus aimed to assess the variations in SSC and pH during the storage of potatoes using an electronic nose and Vis/NIR spectroscopic techniques with the help of prediction models including partial least squares (PLS), multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), support vector regression (SVR) and an artificial neural network (ANN). The variations in the SSC and pH are ascending and significant. The results also indicate that the SVR model in the electronic nose has the highest prediction accuracy for the SSC and pH (81, and 92%, respectively). The artificial neural network also managed to predict the SSC and pH at accuracies of 83 and 94%, respectively. SVR method shows the lowest accuracy in Vis/NIR spectroscopy while the PLS model exhibits the best performance in the prediction of the SSC and pH with respective precision of 89 and 93% through the median filter method. The accuracy of the ANN was 85 and 90% in the prediction of the SSC and pH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khorramifar
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Vali Rasooli Sharabiani
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Hamed Karami
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Asma Kisalaei
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Jesús Lozano
- Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Robert Rusinek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Gancarz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
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Yu G, Ma B, Li H, Hu Y, Li Y. Discrimination of Pesticide Residue Levels on the Hami Melon Surface Using Multiscale Convolution. Foods 2022; 11:3881. [PMID: 36496688 PMCID: PMC9737275 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide residues directly or indirectly threaten the health of humans and animals. We need a rapid and nondestructive method for the safety evaluation of fruits. In this study, the feasibility of visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy technology was explored for the discrimination of pesticide residue levels on the Hami melon surface. The one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model was proposed for spectral data discrimination. We compared the effect of different convolutional architectures on the model performance, including single-depth, symmetric, and asymmetric multiscale convolution. The results showed that the 1D-CNN model could discriminate the presence or absence of pesticide residues with a high accuracy above 99.00%. The multiscale convolution could significantly improve the model accuracy while reducing the modeling time. In particular, the asymmetric convolution had a better comprehensive performance. For two-level discrimination, the accuracy of lambda-cyhalothrin and beta-cypermethrin was 93.68% and 95.79%, respectively. For three-level discrimination, the accuracy of lambda-cyhalothrin and beta-cypermethrin was 86.32% and 89.47%, respectively. For four-level discrimination, the accuracy of lambda-cyhalothrin and beta-cypermethrin was 87.37% and 93.68%, respectively, and the average modeling time was 3.5 s. This finding will encourage more relevant research to use multiscale 1D-CNN as a spectral analysis strategy for the detection of pesticide residues in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Benxue Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
- Food Quality Supervision and Testing Center (Shihezi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yating Hu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yujie Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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del Río Celestino M, Font R. Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for Predicting Quality Compounds in Foods. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4845. [PMID: 35808341 PMCID: PMC9269562 DOI: 10.3390/s22134845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past four decades, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become one of the most attractive and used technique for analysis as it allows for fast and simultaneous qualitative and quantitative characterization of a wide variety of food samples [...].
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Monitoring Time-Non-Stable Surfaces Using Mobile NIR DLP Spectroscopy. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11131945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has increased in popularity and usage for different purposes, including the detection of particular substances, evaluation of food quality, etc. Usually, mobile handheld NIR spectroscopy devices are used on the surfaces of different materials, very often organic ones. The features of these materials change as they age, leading to changes in their spectra. The ageing process often occurs only slowly, i.e., corresponding reflection spectra can be analyzed each hour or at an even longer interval. This paper undertakes the problem of analyzing surfaces of non-stable, rapidly changing materials such as waxes or adhesive materials. To obtain their characteristic spectra, NIR spectroscopy using a Digital Light Projection (DLP) spectrometer was used. Based on earlier experiences and the current state of the art, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to process spectral sequences to proceed with an enormous value of spectra gathered during measurements.
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Non-destructive determination of color, titratable acidity, and dry matter in intact tomatoes using a portable Vis-NIR spectrometer. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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