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De Santi LA, Meloni A, Santarelli MF, Pistoia L, Spasiano A, Casini T, Putti MC, Cuccia L, Cademartiri F, Positano V. Left Ventricle Detection from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry Images Using Visual Transformer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3321. [PMID: 36992032 PMCID: PMC10052975 DOI: 10.3390/s23063321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Left Ventricle (LV) detection from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging is a fundamental step, preliminary to myocardium segmentation and characterization. This paper focuses on the application of a Visual Transformer (ViT), a novel neural network architecture, to automatically detect LV from CMR relaxometry sequences. We implemented an object detector based on the ViT model to identify LV from CMR multi-echo T2* sequences. We evaluated performances differentiated by slice location according to the American Heart Association model using 5-fold cross-validation and on an independent dataset of CMR T2*, T2, and T1 acquisitions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to localize LV from relaxometry sequences and the first application of ViT for LV detection. We collected an Intersection over Union (IoU) index of 0.68 and a Correct Identification Rate (CIR) of blood pool centroid of 0.99, comparable with other state-of-the-art methods. IoU and CIR values were significantly lower in apical slices. No significant differences in performances were assessed on independent T2* dataset (IoU = 0.68, p = 0.405; CIR = 0.94, p = 0.066). Performances were significantly worse on the T2 and T1 independent datasets (T2: IoU = 0.62, CIR = 0.95; T1: IoU = 0.67, CIR = 0.98), but still encouraging considering the different types of acquisition. This study confirms the feasibility of the application of ViT architectures in LV detection and defines a benchmark for relaxometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Anita De Santi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
- U.O.C. Bioingegneria, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Antonella Meloni
- U.O.C. Bioingegneria, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.)
| | | | - Laura Pistoia
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.)
| | - Anna Spasiano
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Malattie Rare del Globulo Rosso, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale “A. Cardarelli”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Tommaso Casini
- Centro Talassemie ed Emoglobinopatie, Ospedale “Meyer”, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Putti
- Clinica di Emato-Oncologia Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Azienda Ospedale Università, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Liana Cuccia
- Unità Operativa Complessa Ematologia con Talassemia, ARNAS Civico “Benfratelli-Di Cristina”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Cademartiri
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Positano
- U.O.C. Bioingegneria, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.)
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Busto L, Veiga C, González-Nóvoa JA, Loureiro-Ga M, Jiménez V, Baz JA, Íñiguez A. Automatic Identification of Bioprostheses on X-ray Angiographic Sequences of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Procedures Using Deep Learning. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020334. [PMID: 35204425 PMCID: PMC8870761 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the treatment of choice for patients with severe aortic stenosis and high surgical risk. Angiography has been established as an essential tool in TAVI, as this modality provides real-time images required to support the intervention. The automatic interpretation and parameter extraction on such images can lead to significative improvements and new applications in the procedure that, in most cases, rely on a prior identification of the transcatheter heart valve (THV). In this paper, U-Net architecture is proposed for the automatic segmentation of THV on angiographies, studying the role of its hyperparameters in the quality of the segmentations. Several experiments have been conducted, testing the methodology using multiple configurations and evaluating the results on different types of frames captured during the procedure. The evaluation has been performed in terms of conventional classification metrics, complemented with two new metrics, specifically defined for this problem. Those new metrics provide a more appropriate assessment of the quality of the results, given the class imbalance in the dataset. From an analysis of the evaluation results, it can be concluded that the method provides appropriate segmentation results for this dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Busto
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.G.-N.); (M.L.-G.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.V.)
| | - César Veiga
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.G.-N.); (M.L.-G.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.V.)
| | - José A. González-Nóvoa
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.G.-N.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Marcos Loureiro-Ga
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.G.-N.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Víctor Jiménez
- Cardiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (SERGAS), Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (V.J.); (J.A.B.); (A.Í.)
| | - José Antonio Baz
- Cardiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (SERGAS), Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (V.J.); (J.A.B.); (A.Í.)
| | - Andrés Íñiguez
- Cardiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (SERGAS), Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (V.J.); (J.A.B.); (A.Í.)
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