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Meletani S, Scataglini S, Mandolini M, Scalise L, Truijen S. Experimental Comparison between 4D Stereophotogrammetry and Inertial Measurement Unit Systems for Gait Spatiotemporal Parameters and Joint Kinematics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4669. [PMID: 39066067 PMCID: PMC11280879 DOI: 10.3390/s24144669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Traditional gait assessment methods have limitations like time-consuming procedures, the requirement of skilled personnel, soft tissue artifacts, and high costs. Various 3D time scanning techniques are emerging to overcome these issues. This study compares a 3D temporal scanning system (Move4D) with an inertial motion capture system (Xsens) to evaluate their reliability and accuracy in assessing gait spatiotemporal parameters and joint kinematics. (2) Methods: This study included 13 healthy people and one hemiplegic patient, and it examined stance time, swing time, cycle time, and stride length. Statistical analysis included paired samples t-test, Bland-Altman plot, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). (3) Results: A high degree of agreement and no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the two measurement systems have been found for stance time, swing time, and cycle time. Evaluation of stride length shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) between Xsens and Move4D. The highest root-mean-square error (RMSE) was found in hip flexion/extension (RMSE = 10.99°); (4) Conclusions: The present work demonstrated that the system Move4D can estimate gait spatiotemporal parameters (gait phases duration and cycle time) and joint angles with reliability and accuracy comparable to Xsens. This study allows further innovative research using 4D (3D over time) scanning for quantitative gait assessment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meletani
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (M.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Sofia Scataglini
- 4D4ALL Lab, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Center for Health and Technology (CHaT), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, MOVANT, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Marco Mandolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (M.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Scalise
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (M.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Steven Truijen
- 4D4ALL Lab, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Center for Health and Technology (CHaT), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, MOVANT, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium;
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Scataglini S, Abts E, Van Bocxlaer C, Van den Bussche M, Meletani S, Truijen S. Accuracy, Validity, and Reliability of Markerless Camera-Based 3D Motion Capture Systems versus Marker-Based 3D Motion Capture Systems in Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3686. [PMID: 38894476 PMCID: PMC11175331 DOI: 10.3390/s24113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Marker-based 3D motion capture systems (MBS) are considered the gold standard in gait analysis. However, they have limitations for which markerless camera-based 3D motion capture systems (MCBS) could provide a solution. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the accuracy, validity, and reliability of MCBS and MBS. (2) Methods: A total of 2047 papers were systematically searched according to PRISMA guidelines on 7 February 2024, in two different databases: Pubmed (1339) and WoS (708). The COSMIN-tool and EBRO guidelines were used to assess risk of bias and level of evidence. (3) Results: After full text screening, 22 papers were included. Spatiotemporal parameters showed overall good to excellent accuracy, validity, and reliability. For kinematic variables, hip and knee showed moderate to excellent agreement between the systems, while for the ankle joint, poor concurrent validity and reliability were measured. The accuracy and concurrent validity of walking speed were considered excellent in all cases, with only a small bias. The meta-analysis of the inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity of walking speed, step time, and step length resulted in a good-to-excellent intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.81; 0.98). (4) Discussion and conclusions: MCBS are comparable in terms of accuracy, concurrent validity, and reliability to MBS in spatiotemporal parameters. Additionally, kinematic parameters for hip and knee in the sagittal plane are considered most valid and reliable but lack valid and accurate measurement outcomes in transverse and frontal planes. Customization and standardization of methodological procedures are necessary for future research to adequately compare protocols in clinical settings, with more attention to patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Scataglini
- 4D4ALL Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Center for Health and Technology (CHaT), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium; (E.A.); (C.V.B.); (M.V.d.B.); (S.M.); (S.T.)
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Catalá-Vilaplana I, Liu T, Vienneau J, Nigg SR, Pérez-Soriano P, Encarnación-Martínez A. Curved non-motorized treadmills do not biomechanically replicate overground running better than motorized treadmills. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1927-1933. [PMID: 38258795 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2307774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if curved non-motorized treadmills can reproduce overground running better than motorized treadmills by analysing the differences in joint kinematics (hip, knee, and ankle) using SPM. Nineteen recreational runners completed three randomized running tests on these surfaces. Kinematic data from the hip, knee, and ankle joints were collected. Two-tailed SPM t-tests were performed to analyse time-continuous gait cycles in three anatomical planes of each joint. Higher within-subject variability was observed in the frontal and transverse planes during curved non-motorized treadmill running. SPM analysis showed more significant differences (p < 0.05) between curved non-motorized treadmill and overground than between motorized treadmill and overground, mainly in knee (from 12% to 30% and 93% to 99% of the gait cycle) and ankle (from 19% to 23% of the gait cycle) in the sagittal plane. Therefore, running on curved non-motorized treadmills is more biomechanically different compared to overground than motorized treadmills, and might not be the best strategy to replicate overground running in terms of joint kinematics during highly controlled research studies. However, they could be an interesting tool in rehabilitation or training environments since the changes observed in joint kinematics were likely not functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Catalá-Vilaplana
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Tao Liu
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jordyn Vienneau
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sandro R Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Park SH, Yan S, Dee W, Keefer R, Roth EJ, Rymer WZ, Wu M. Overground walking with a constraint force on the nonparetic leg during swing improves weight shift toward the paretic side in people after stroke. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:43-55. [PMID: 37198133 PMCID: PMC10292974 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00008.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting enhancing the use of the paretic leg during locomotor practice might improve motor function of the paretic leg. The purpose of this study was to determine whether application of constraint force to the nonparetic leg in the posterior direction during overground walking would enhance the use of the paretic leg in people with chronic stroke. Fifteen individuals after stroke participated in two experimental conditions, i.e., overground walking with a constraint force applied to the nonparetic leg and overground walking only. Each participant was tested in the following procedures that consisted of overground walking with either constraint force or no constraint force, instrumented split-belt treadmill walking, and pressure-sensitive gait mat walking before and after the overground walking. Overground walking practice with constraint force resulted in greater enhancement in lateral weight shift toward the paretic side (P < 0.01), muscle activity of the paretic hip abductors (P = 0.04), and propulsion force of the paretic leg (P = 0.05) compared with the results of the no-constraint condition. Overground walking practice with constraint force tended to induce greater increase in self-selected overground walking speed (P = 0.06) compared with the effect of the no-constraint condition. The increase in propulsion force from the paretic leg was positively correlated with the increase in self-selected walking speed (r = 0.6, P = 0.03). Overground walking with constraint force applied to the nonparetic leg during swing phase of gait may enhance use of the paretic leg, improve weight shifting toward the paretic side and propulsion of the paretic leg, and consequently increase walking speed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Application of constraint force to the nonparetic leg during overground walking induced improved lateral weight shifts toward the paretic leg and enhanced muscle activity of the paretic leg during walking. In addition, one session of overground walking with constraint force might induce an increase in propulsive force of the paretic leg and an increase in self-selected overground walking speed, which might be partially due to the improvement in motor control of the paretic leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Hoon Park
- Legs and Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Shijun Yan
- Legs and Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Weena Dee
- Legs and Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Renee Keefer
- Legs and Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Elliot J Roth
- Legs and Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - William Z Rymer
- Legs and Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ming Wu
- Legs and Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Roggio F, Trovato B, Zanghì M, Petrigna L, Testa G, Pavone V, Musumeci G. Running Footwear and Impact Peak Differences in Recreational Runners. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060818. [PMID: 35741339 PMCID: PMC9219650 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Running is a physical activity practiced by many people to maintain good levels of movement. Recreational runners commonly strike the ground with the postero–lateral zone of the foot, which may be associated with a higher biomechanical load on the lower limb, called impact peak. Different running shoes with specific cushioning are available to overcome the biomechanical load, e.g., shoes with a thickness difference between the forefoot and heel parts of the sole, called heel-to-toe drop. Analyzing the running pattern of recreational runners may be challenging because biomechanics laboratories mainly analyze these characteristics in individuals with visible alterations. To overcome these limitations, we employed a 3D markerless system; furthermore, we investigated footwear use. These parameters were studied to understand the behavior of those runners with and without a higher impact peak. Thirty participants underwent a running analysis and a questionnaire about their footwear. The study’s main finding highlighted kinematic and spatiotemporal differences between the runners presenting a higher impact peak and those without it. Furthermore, we observed that runners without an impact peak prefer shoes with a lower heel-to-toe drop, while the other group prefers shoes with a higher heel-to-toe drop. Investigating biomechanics characteristics is essential to reduce possible injury. Abstract Running is a physical activity and the investigation of its biomechanical aspects is crucial both to avoid injuries and enhance performance. Recreational runners may be liable to increased stress over the body, particularly to lower limb joints. This study investigates the different running patterns of recreational runners by analyzing characteristics of the footwear impact peak, spatiotemporal, and kinematic parameters among those that present with a peak impact and those that do not, with a 3D markerless system. Thirty recreational runners were divided into two groups: impact peak group (IP) (n = 16) and no impact peak group (n = 14) (n-IP). Kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters showed a large Cohen’s d effect size between the groups. The mean hip flexion was IP 40.40° versus n-IP 32.30° (d = −0.82). Hip extension was IP 30.20° versus n-IP 27.70° (d = −0.58), and ankle dorsiflexion was IP 20.80°, versus n-IP 13.37° (d = −1.17). Stride length was IP 117.90 cm versus n-IP 105.50 cm (d = −0.84). Steps per minute was IP group 170 spm, versus n-IP 163 spm (d = −0.51). The heel-to-toe drop was mainly 10–12 mm for the IP group and 4–6 mm for the n-IP group. Recreational runners whose hip extension is around 40°, ankle dorsiflexion around 20°, and initial foot contact around 14°, may be predisposed to the presence of an impact peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Roggio
- Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.Z.); (L.P.)
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Trovato
- Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.Z.); (L.P.)
| | - Marta Zanghì
- Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.Z.); (L.P.)
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.Z.); (L.P.)
| | - Gianluca Testa
- Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University Hospital Policlinico “Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.T.); (V.P.)
| | - Vito Pavone
- Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University Hospital Policlinico “Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.T.); (V.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (B.T.); (M.Z.); (L.P.)
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2043
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Milovic M, Farías G, Fingerhuth S, Pizarro F, Hermosilla G, Yunge D. Detection of Human Gait Phases Using Textile Pressure Sensors: A Low Cost and Pervasive Approach. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082825. [PMID: 35458810 PMCID: PMC9028188 DOI: 10.3390/s22082825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human gait analysis is a standard method used for detecting and diagnosing diseases associated with gait disorders. Wearable technologies, due to their low costs and high portability, are increasingly being used in gait and other medical analyses. This paper evaluates the use of low-cost homemade textile pressure sensors to recognize gait phases. Ten sensors were integrated into stretch pants, achieving an inexpensive and pervasive solution. Nevertheless, such a simple fabrication process leads to significant sensitivity variability among sensors, hindering their adoption in precision-demanding medical applications. To tackle this issue, we evaluated the textile sensors for the classification of gait phases over three machine learning algorithms for time-series signals, namely, random forest (RF), time series forest (TSF), and multi-representation sequence learner (Mr-SEQL). Training and testing signals were generated from participants wearing the sensing pants in a test run under laboratory conditions and from an inertial sensor attached to the same pants for comparison purposes. Moreover, a new annotation method to facilitate the creation of such datasets using an ordinary webcam and a pose detection model is presented, which uses predefined rules for label generation. The results show that textile sensors successfully detect the gait phases with an average precision of 91.2% and 90.5% for RF and TSF, respectively, only 0.8% and 2.3% lower than the same values obtained from the IMU. This situation changes for Mr-SEQL, which achieved a precision of 79% for the textile sensors and 36.8% for the IMU. The overall results show the feasibility of using textile pressure sensors for human gait recognition.
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Gait Recognition for Lower Limb Exoskeletons Based on Interactive Information Fusion. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9933018. [PMID: 35378794 PMCID: PMC8976668 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9933018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, although the research on gait recognition of lower limb exoskeleton robot has been widely developed, there are still limitations in rehabilitation training and clinical practice. The emergence of interactive information fusion technology provides a new research idea for the solution of this problem, and it is also the development trend in the future. In order to better explore the issue, this paper summarizes gait recognition based on interactive information fusion of lower limb exoskeleton robots. This review introduces the current research status, methods, and directions for information acquisition, interaction, fusion, and gait recognition of exoskeleton robots. The content involves the research progress of information acquisition methods, sensor placements, target groups, lower limb sports biomechanics, interactive information fusion, and gait recognition model. Finally, the current challenges, possible solutions, and promising prospects are analysed and discussed, which provides a useful reference resource for the study of interactive information fusion and gait recognition of rehabilitation exoskeleton robots.
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