1
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Gozzi N, Preatoni G, Ciotti F, Hubli M, Schweinhardt P, Curt A, Raspopovic S. Unraveling the physiological and psychosocial signatures of pain by machine learning. MED 2024:S2666-6340(24)00298-8. [PMID: 39116869 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a complex subjective experience, strongly impacting health and quality of life. Despite many attempts to find effective solutions, present treatments are generic, often unsuccessful, and present significant side effects. Designing individualized therapies requires understanding of multidimensional pain experience, considering physical and emotional aspects. Current clinical pain assessments, relying on subjective one-dimensional numeric self-reports, fail to capture this complexity. METHODS To this aim, we exploited machine learning to disentangle physiological and psychosocial components shaping the pain experience. Clinical, psychosocial, and physiological data were collected from 118 chronic pain and healthy participants undergoing 40 pain trials (4,697 trials). FINDINGS To understand the objective response to nociception, we classified pain from the physiological signals (accuracy >0.87), extracting the most important biomarkers. Then, using multilevel mixed-effects models, we predicted the reported pain, quantifying the mismatch between subjective level and measured physiological response. From these models, we introduced two metrics: TIP (subjective index of pain) and Φ (physiological index). These represent possible added value in the clinical process, capturing psychosocial and physiological pain dimensions, respectively. Patients with high TIP are characterized by frequent sick leave from work and increased clinical depression and anxiety, factors associated with long-term disability and poor recovery, and are indicated for alternative treatments, such as psychological ones. By contrast, patients with high Φ show strong nociceptive pain components and could benefit more from pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSIONS TIP and Φ, explaining the multidimensionality of pain, might provide a new tool potentially leading to targeted treatments, thereby reducing the costs of inefficient generic therapies. FUNDING RESC-PainSense, SNSF-MOVE-IT197271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Gozzi
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Greta Preatoni
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Ciotti
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Hubli
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schweinhardt
- Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stanisa Raspopovic
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Yang W, Chen T, He R, Goossens R, Huysmans T. Autonomic responses to pressure sensitivity of head, face and neck: Heart rate and skin conductance. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 114:104126. [PMID: 37639853 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Subjective scales are frequently used in the design process of head-related products to assess pressure discomfort. Nevertheless, some users lack fundamental cognitive and motor abilities (e.g., paralyzed patients). Therefore, it is vital to find non-verbal measurements of pressure discomfort and pressure pain. This study gathered the autonomic response data (heart rate and skin conductance) of 30 landmarks in head, neck and face from 31 participants experiencing pressure discomfort and pressure pain. The results indicate that pressure stimulation can change heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC). SC can be more useful in assessing pressure discomfort than HR for specific landmarks, and SC also possesses a faster arousal rate than HR. Moreover, HR decreased in response to pressure stimulation, while SC decreased followed by an increase. In comparisons between genders, the subjective pressure discomfort threshold (PDT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) of women were lower than those of men, but men's autonomic responses (HR and SC) were more intense. Furthermore, there was no linear correlation between subjective pressure thresholds (PDT and PPT) and autonomic response intensity. This study has significant implications for resolving ergonomic issues (pressure discomfort and pain) associated with head-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Yang
- Harbin Ergineering University Yantai Research Institute, Yantai, 264000, China; School of Design Hunan University, Taozi Road, Changsha, 410000, China.
| | - Tingshu Chen
- School of Design Hunan University, Taozi Road, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Renke He
- School of Design Hunan University, Taozi Road, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Richard Goossens
- The Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CE, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Toon Huysmans
- The Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CE, Delft, the Netherlands
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3
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Lu Z, Ozek B, Kamarthi S. Transformer encoder with multiscale deep learning for pain classification using physiological signals. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1294577. [PMID: 38124717 PMCID: PMC10730685 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1294577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, a pervasive global health concern, affects a large segment of population worldwide. Accurate pain assessment remains a challenge due to the limitations of conventional self-report scales, which often yield inconsistent results and are susceptible to bias. Recognizing this gap, our study introduces PainAttnNet, a novel deep-learning model designed for precise pain intensity classification using physiological signals. We investigate whether PainAttnNet would outperform existing models in capturing temporal dependencies. The model integrates multiscale convolutional networks, squeeze-and-excitation residual networks, and a transformer encoder block. This integration is pivotal for extracting robust features across multiple time windows, emphasizing feature interdependencies, and enhancing temporal dependency analysis. Evaluation of PainAttnNet on the BioVid heat pain dataset confirm the model's superior performance over the existing models. The results establish PainAttnNet as a promising tool for automating and refining pain assessments. Our research not only introduces a novel computational approach but also sets the stage for more individualized and accurate pain assessment and management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sagar Kamarthi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Luebke L, Gouverneur P, Szikszay TM, Adamczyk WM, Luedtke K, Grzegorzek M. Objective Measurement of Subjective Pain Perception with Autonomic Body Reactions in Healthy Subjects and Chronic Back Pain Patients: An Experimental Heat Pain Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8231. [PMID: 37837061 PMCID: PMC10575054 DOI: 10.3390/s23198231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple attempts to quantify pain objectively using single measures of physiological body responses have been performed in the past, but the variability across participants reduces the usefulness of such methods. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether combining multiple autonomic parameters is more appropriate to quantify the perceived pain intensity of healthy subjects (HSs) and chronic back pain patients (CBPPs) during experimental heat pain stimulation. HS and CBPP received different heat pain stimuli adjusted for individual pain tolerance via a CE-certified thermode. Different sensors measured physiological responses. Machine learning models were trained to evaluate performance in distinguishing pain levels and identify key sensors and features for the classification task. The results show that distinguishing between no and severe pain is significantly easier than discriminating lower pain levels. Electrodermal activity is the best marker for distinguishing between low and high pain levels. However, recursive feature elimination showed that an optimal subset of features for all modalities includes characteristics retrieved from several modalities. Moreover, the study's findings indicate that differences in physiological responses to pain in HS and CBPP remain small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Luebke
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (L.L.); (T.M.S.); (K.L.)
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Luebeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Gouverneur
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Tibor M. Szikszay
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (L.L.); (T.M.S.); (K.L.)
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Luebeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wacław M. Adamczyk
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (L.L.); (T.M.S.); (K.L.)
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Luebeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcin Grzegorzek
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
- Department of Knowledge Engineering, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland
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5
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Pinzon-Arenas JO, Kong Y, Chon KH, Posada-Quintero HF. Design and Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Continuous Acute Pain Detection Based on Phasic Electrodermal Activity. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2023; 27:4250-4260. [PMID: 37399159 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3291955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The current method for assessing pain in clinical practice is subjective and relies on self-reported scales. An objective and accurate method of pain assessment is needed for physicians to prescribe the proper medication dosage, which could reduce addiction to opioids. Hence, many works have used electrodermal activity (EDA) as a suitable signal for detecting pain. Previous studies have used machine learning and deep learning to detect pain responses, but none have used a sequence-to-sequence deep learning approach to continuously detect acute pain from EDA signals, as well as accurate detection of pain onset. In this study, we evaluated deep learning models including 1-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNN), long short-term memory networks (LSTM), and three hybrid CNN-LSTM architectures for continuous pain detection using phasic EDA features. We used a database consisting of 36 healthy volunteers who underwent pain stimuli induced by a thermal grill. We extracted the phasic component, phasic drivers, and time-frequency spectrum of the phasic EDA (TFS-phEDA), which was found to be the most discerning physiomarker. The best model was a parallel hybrid architecture of a temporal convolutional neural network and a stacked bi-directional and uni-directional LSTM, which obtained a F1-score of 77.8% and was able to correctly detect pain in 15-second signals. The model was evaluated using 37 independent subjects from the BioVid Heat Pain Database and outperformed other approaches in recognizing higher pain levels compared to baseline with an accuracy of 91.5%. The results show the feasibility of continuous pain detection using deep learning and EDA.
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6
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Gkikas S, Tsiknakis M. Automatic assessment of pain based on deep learning methods: A systematic review. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 231:107365. [PMID: 36764062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The automatic assessment of pain is vital in designing optimal pain management interventions focused on reducing suffering and preventing the functional decline of patients. In recent years, there has been a surge in the adoption of deep learning algorithms by researchers attempting to encode the multidimensional nature of pain into meaningful features. This systematic review aims to discuss the models, the methods, and the types of data employed in establishing the foundation of a deep learning-based automatic pain assessment system. METHODS The systematic review was conducted by identifying original studies searching digital libraries, namely Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to retrieve and select those of interest, published until December 2021. RESULTS A total of one hundred and ten publications were identified and categorized by the number of information channels used (unimodal versus multimodal approaches) and whether the temporal dimension was also used. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates the importance of multimodal approaches for automatic pain estimation, especially in clinical settings, and also reveals that significant improvements are observed when the temporal exploitation of modalities is included. It provides suggestions regarding better-performing deep architectures and learning methods. Also, it provides suggestions for adopting robust evaluation protocols and interpretation methods to provide objective and comprehensible results. Furthermore, the review presents the limitations of the available pain databases for optimally supporting deep learning model development, validation, and application as decision-support tools in real-life scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Gkikas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, Heraklion, 71410, Greece; Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, 70013, Greece.
| | - Manolis Tsiknakis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, Heraklion, 71410, Greece; Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, 70013, Greece.
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7
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Gouverneur P, Li F, Shirahama K, Luebke L, Adamczyk WM, Szikszay TM, Luedtke K, Grzegorzek M. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in Pain Research: Understanding the Role of Electrodermal Activity for Automated Pain Recognition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23041959. [PMID: 36850556 PMCID: PMC9960387 DOI: 10.3390/s23041959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence and especially deep learning methods have achieved outstanding results for various applications in the past few years. Pain recognition is one of them, as various models have been proposed to replace the previous gold standard with an automated and objective assessment. While the accuracy of such models could be increased incrementally, the understandability and transparency of these systems have not been the main focus of the research community thus far. Thus, in this work, several outcomes and insights of explainable artificial intelligence applied to the electrodermal activity sensor data of the PainMonit and BioVid Heat Pain Database are presented. For this purpose, the importance of hand-crafted features is evaluated using recursive feature elimination based on impurity scores in Random Forest (RF) models. Additionally, Gradient-weighted class activation mapping is applied to highlight the most impactful features learned by deep learning models. Our studies highlight the following insights: (1) Very simple hand-crafted features can yield comparative performances to deep learning models for pain recognition, especially when properly selected with recursive feature elimination. Thus, the use of complex neural networks should be questioned in pain recognition, especially considering their computational costs; and (2) both traditional feature engineering and deep feature learning approaches rely on simple characteristics of the input time-series data to make their decision in the context of automated pain recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gouverneur
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-3101-5613
| | - Frédéric Li
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kimiaki Shirahama
- Faculty of Informatics, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Luisa Luebke
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Institute of Health Sciences, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wacław M. Adamczyk
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Institute of Health Sciences, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Tibor M. Szikszay
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Institute of Health Sciences, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Institute of Health Sciences, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcin Grzegorzek
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Knowledge Engineering, University of Economics in Katowice, Bogucicka 3, 40-287 Katowice, Poland
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8
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Silva P, Sebastião R. Using the Electrocardiogram for Pain Classification under Emotional Contexts. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1443. [PMID: 36772482 PMCID: PMC9919606 DOI: 10.3390/s23031443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The adequate characterization of pain is critical in diagnosis and therapy selection, and currently is subjectively assessed by patient communication and self-evaluation. Thus, pain recognition and assessment have been a target of study in past years due to the importance of objective measurement. The goal of this work is the analysis of the electrocardiogram (ECG) under emotional contexts and reasoning on the physiological classification of pain under neutral and fear conditions. Using data from both contexts for pain classification, a balanced accuracy of up to 97.4% was obtained. Using an emotionally independent approach and using data from one emotional context to learn pain and data from the other to evaluate the models, a balanced accuracy of up to 97.7% was reached. These similar results seem to support that the physiological response to pain was maintained despite the different emotional contexts. Attempting a participant-independent approach for pain classification and using a leave-one-out cross-validation strategy, data from the fear context were used to train pain classification models, and data from the neutral context were used to evaluate the performance, achieving a balanced accuracy of up to 94.9%. Moreover, across the different learning strategies, Random Forest outperformed the remaining models. These results show the feasibility of identifying pain through physiological characteristics of the ECG response despite the presence of autonomic nervous system perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva
- DFis, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sebastião
- IEETA, DETI, LASI, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Sebastião R, Bento A, Brás S. Analysis of Physiological Responses during Pain Induction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9276. [PMID: 36501978 PMCID: PMC9738626 DOI: 10.3390/s22239276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction of multiple neuroanatomic and neurochemical systems with several cognitive and affective processes. Nowadays, the assessment of pain intensity still relies on the use of self-reports. However, recent research has shown a connection between the perception of pain and exacerbated stress response in the Autonomic Nervous System. As a result, there has been an increasing analysis of the use of autonomic reactivity with the objective to assess pain. In the present study, the methods include pre-processing, feature extraction, and feature analysis. For the purpose of understanding and characterizing physiological responses of pain, different physiological signals were, simultaneously, recorded while a pain-inducing protocol was performed. The obtained results, for the electrocardiogram (ECG), showed a statistically significant increase in the heart rate, during the painful period compared to non-painful periods. Additionally, heart rate variability features demonstrated a decrease in the Parasympathetic Nervous System influence. The features from the electromyogram (EMG) showed an increase in power and contraction force of the muscle during the pain induction task. Lastly, the electrodermal activity (EDA) showed an adjustment of the sudomotor activity, implying an increase in the Sympathetic Nervous System activity during the experience of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sebastião
- IEETA, DETI, LASI, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Bento
- DFis, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Brás
- IEETA, DETI, LASI, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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Szikszay TM, Adamczyk WM, Lévénez JLM, Gouverneur P, Luedtke K. Temporal properties of pain contrast enhancement using repetitive stimulation. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1437-1447. [PMID: 35535976 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offset analgesia (OA) is characterized by a disproportionately large reduction in pain following a small decrease in noxious stimulation and is based on temporal pain contrast enhancement (TPCE). The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are still poorly understood. This study is aiming to investigate whether TPCE can also be induced by repetitive stimulation, i.e., by stimuli clearly separated in time. METHODS A repetitive TPCE paradigm was induced in healthy, pain-free subjects (n = 33) using heat stimuli. Three different interstimulus intervals (ISIs) were used: 5, 15, and 25 seconds. All paradigms were contrasted with a control paradigm without temperature change. Participants continuously rated perceived pain intensity. In addition, electrodermal activity (EDA) was recorded as a surrogate measure of autonomic arousal. RESULTS Temporal pain contrast enhancement was confirmed for ISI 5 seconds (p < 0.001) and ISI 15 seconds (p = 0.005) but not for ISI 25 seconds (p = 0.07), however, the magnitude of TPCE did not differ between ISIs (p = 0.11). A TPCE-like effect was also detected with increased EDA values. CONCLUSIONS TPCE can be induced by repetitive stimulation. This finding may be explained by a combination of the mechanisms underlying the OA and a facilitated pain habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor M Szikszay
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Universitaet zu Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Waclaw M Adamczyk
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Universitaet zu Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Juliette L M Lévénez
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Universitaet zu Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Philip Gouverneur
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L.), Universitaet zu Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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11
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Hozhabr Pour H, Li F, Wegmeth L, Trense C, Doniec R, Grzegorzek M, Wismüller R. A Machine Learning Framework for Automated Accident Detection Based on Multimodal Sensors in Cars. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103634. [PMID: 35632039 PMCID: PMC9146681 DOI: 10.3390/s22103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying accident patterns is one of the most vital research foci of driving analysis. Environmental or safety applications and the growing area of fleet management all benefit from accident detection contributions by minimizing the risk vehicles and drivers are subject to, improving their service and reducing overhead costs. Some solutions have been proposed in the past literature for automated accident detection that are mainly based on traffic data or external sensors. However, traffic data can be difficult to access, while external sensors can end up being difficult to set up and unreliable, depending on how they are used. Additionally, the scarcity of accident detection data has limited the type of approaches used in the past, leaving in particular, machine learning (ML) relatively unexplored. Thus, in this paper, we propose a ML framework for automated car accident detection based on mutimodal in-car sensors. Our work is a unique and innovative study on detecting real-world driving accidents by applying state-of-the-art feature extraction methods using basic sensors in cars. In total, five different feature extraction approaches, including techniques based on feature engineering and feature learning with deep learning are evaluated on the strategic highway research program (SHRP2) naturalistic driving study (NDS) crash data set. The main observations of this study are as follows: (1) CNN features with a SVM classifier obtain very promising results, outperforming all other tested approaches. (2) Feature engineering and feature learning approaches were finding different best performing features. Therefore, our fusion experiment indicates that these two feature sets can be efficiently combined. (3) Unsupervised feature extraction remarkably achieves a notable performance score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawzhin Hozhabr Pour
- Research Group of Operating Systems and Distributed Systems, University of Siegen, Hölderlinstr. 3, 57076 Siegen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédéric Li
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (F.L.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Lukas Wegmeth
- Intelligent Systems Group (ISG), University of Siegen, Hölderlinstr. 3, 57076 Siegen, Germany;
| | - Christian Trense
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (F.L.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Rafał Doniec
- Department of Biosensors and Biomedical Signal Processing, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Marcin Grzegorzek
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (F.L.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
- Department of Knowledge Engineering, University of Economics in Katowice, Bogucicka 3, 40-287 Katowice, Poland
| | - Roland Wismüller
- Research Group of Operating Systems and Distributed Systems, University of Siegen, Hölderlinstr. 3, 57076 Siegen, Germany;
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12
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Moscato S, Cortelli P, Chiari L. Physiological responses to pain in cancer patients: A systematic review. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 217:106682. [PMID: 35172252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pain is one of the most debilitating symptoms in persons with cancer. Still, its assessment is often neglected both by patients and healthcare professionals. There is increasing interest in conducting pain assessment and monitoring via physiological signals that promise to overcome the limitations of state-of-the-art pain assessment tools. This systematic review aims to evaluate existing experimental studies to identify the most promising methods and results for objectively quantifying cancer patients' pain experience. METHODS Four electronic databases (Pubmed, Compendex, Scopus, Web of Science) were systematically searched for articles published up to October 2020. RESULTS Fourteen studies (528 participants) were included in the review. The selected studies analyzed seven physiological signals. Blood pressure and ECG were the most used signals. Sixteen physiological parameters showed significant changes in association with pain. The studies were fairly consistent in stating that heart rate, the low-frequency to high-frequency component ratio (LF/HF), and systolic blood pressure positively correlate with the pain. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence supports the hypothesis that physiological signals can help objectively quantify, at least in part, cancer patients' pain experience. While there is much more to be done to obtain a reliable pain assessment method, this review takes an essential first step by highlighting issues that should be taken into account in future research: use of a wearable device for pervasive recording in a real-world context, implementation of a big-data approach possibly supported by AI, including multiple stratification factors (e.g., cancer site and stage, source of pain, demographic and psychosocial data), and better-defined recording procedures. Improved methods and algorithms could then become valuable add-ons in taking charge of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Moscato
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica NeuroMet, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiari
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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