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Misaros M, Stan OP, Donca IC, Miclea LC. Autonomous Robots for Services-State of the Art, Challenges, and Research Areas. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4962. [PMID: 37430875 DOI: 10.3390/s23104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been almost half a century since the first interest in autonomous robots was shown, and research is still continuing to improve their ability to make perfectly conscious decisions from a user safety point of view. These autonomous robots are now at a fairly advanced level, which means that their adoption rate in social environments is also increasing. This article reviews the current state of development of this technology and highlights the evolution of interest in it. We analyze and discuss specific areas of its use, for example, its functionality and current level of development. Finally, challenges related to the current level of research and new methods that are still being developed for the wider adoption of these autonomous robots are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Misaros
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu-Petru Stan
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionut-Catalin Donca
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviu-Cristian Miclea
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Han Y, Zhang X, Zhang N, Meng S, Liu T, Wang S, Pan M, Zhang X, Yi J. Hybrid Target Selections by "Hand Gestures + Facial Expression" for a Rehabilitation Robot. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:237. [PMID: 36616835 PMCID: PMC9824727 DOI: 10.3390/s23010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study we propose a "hand gesture + face expression" human machine interaction technique, and apply this technique to bedridden rehabilitation robot. "Hand gesture + Facial expression" interactive technology combines the input mode of gesture and facial expression perception. It involves seven basic facial expressions that can be used to determine a target selecting task, while hand gestures are used to control a cursor's location. A controlled experiment was designed and conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid technology. A series of target selecting tasks with different target widths and layouts were designed to examine the recognition accuracy of hybrid control gestures. An interactive experiment applied to a rehabilitation robot is designed to verify the feasibility of this interactive technology applied to rehabilitation robots. The experimental results show that the "hand + facial expression" interactive gesture has strong robustness, which can provide a novel guideline for designing applications in VR interfaces, and it can be applied to the rehabilitation robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada-Cho, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Xiangliang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids Technology and System of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shuguang Meng
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Tao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuoyu Wang
- Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada-Cho, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids Technology and System of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jingang Yi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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