1
|
Lee MC, Pan CT, Juan SY, Wen ZH, Xu JH, Janesha UGS, Lin FM. Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1213. [PMID: 39459087 PMCID: PMC11509151 DOI: 10.3390/mi15101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
This study fabricated piezoelectric fibers of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with graphene using near-field electrospinning (NFES) technology. A uniform experimental design table U*774 was applied, considering weight percentage (1-13 wt%), the distance between needle and disk collector (2.1-3.9 mm), and applied voltage (14.5-17.5 kV). We optimized the parameters using electrical property measurements and the Kriging response surface method. Adding 13 wt% graphene significantly improved electrical conductivity, increasing from 17.7 µS/cm for pure PVDF to 187.5 µS/cm. The fiber diameter decreased from 21.4 µm in PVDF/1% graphene to 9.1 µm in PVDF/13% graphene. Adding 5 wt% graphene increased the β-phase content by 6.9%, reaching 65.4% compared to pure PVDF fibers. Material characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), contact angle measurements, and tensile testing. Optimal parameters included 3.47 wt% graphene, yielding 15.82 mV voltage at 5 Hz and 5 N force (2.04 times pure PVDF). Force testing showed a sensitivity (S) of 7.67 log(mV/N). Fibers were attached to electrodes for piezoelectric sensor applications. The results affirmed enhanced electrical conductivity, piezoelectric performance, and mechanical strength. The optimized piezoelectric sensor could be applied to measure physiological signals, such as attaching it to the throat under different conditions to measure the output voltage. The force-to-voltage conversion facilitated subsequent analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chan Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Tang Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (C.-T.P.); (S.-Y.J.)
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor Packaging and Testing, College of Semiconductor and Advanced Technology Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Yu Juan
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (C.-T.P.); (S.-Y.J.)
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Hao Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Uyanahewa Gamage Shashini Janesha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Fan-Min Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farzin MA, Naghib SM, Rabiee N. Advancements in Bio-inspired Self-Powered Wireless Sensors: Materials, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1262-1301. [PMID: 38376103 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The rapid maturation of smart city ecosystems is intimately linked to advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) and self-powered sensing technologies. Central to this evolution are battery-less sensors that are critical for applications such as continuous health monitoring through blood metabolites and vital signs, the recognition of human activity for behavioral analysis, and the operational enhancement of humanoid robots. The focus on biosensors that exploit the human body for energy-spanning wearable, attachable, and implantable variants has intensified, driven by their broad applicability in areas from underwater exploration to biomedical assays and earthquake monitoring. The heart of these sensors lies in their diverse energy harvesting mechanisms, including biofuel cells, and piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators. Notwithstanding the wealth of research, the literature still lacks a holistic review that integrates the design challenges and implementation intricacies of such sensors. Our review seeks to fill this gap by thoroughly evaluating energy harvesting strategies from both material and structural perspectives and assessing their roles in powering an array of sensors for myriad uses. This exploration offers a comprehensive outlook on the state of self-powered sensing devices, tackling the nuances of their deployment and highlighting their potential to revolutionize data gathering in autonomous systems. The intent of this review is to chart the current landscape and future prospects, providing a pivotal reference point for ongoing research and innovation in self-powered wireless sensing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Farzin
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sobianin I, Psoma SD, Tourlidakis A. A 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Microdevice for Human Energy Harvesting for Wearable Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:118. [PMID: 38258237 PMCID: PMC10820656 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The human body is a source of multiple types of energy, such as mechanical, thermal and biochemical, which can be scavenged through appropriate technological means. Mechanical vibrations originating from contraction and expansion of the radial artery represent a reliable source of displacement to be picked up and exploited by a harvester. The continuous monitoring of physiological biomarkers is an essential part of the timely and accurate diagnosis of a disease with subsequent medical treatment, and wearable biosensors are increasingly utilized for biomedical data acquisition of important biomarkers. However, they rely on batteries and their replacement introduces a discontinuity in measured signals, which could be critical for the patients and also causes discomfort. In the present work, the research into a novel 3D-printed wearable energy harvesting platform for scavenging energy from arterial pulsations via a piezoelectric material is described. An elastic thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film, which forms an air chamber between the skin and the piezoelectric disc electrode, was introduced to provide better adsorption to the skin, prevent damage to the piezoelectric disc and electrically isolate components in the platform from the human body. Computational fluid dynamics in the framework of COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 software was employed to perform a series of coupled time-varying simulations of the interaction among a number of associated physical phenomena. The mathematical model of the harvester was investigated computationally, and quantification of the output energy and power parameters was used for comparisons. A prototype wearable platform enclosure was designed and manufactured using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The influence of the piezoelectric disc material and its diameter on the electrical output were studied and various geometrical parameters of the enclosure and the TPU film were optimized based on theoretical and empirical data. Physiological data, such as interdependency between the harvester skin fit and voltage output, were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sobianin
- School of Engineering & Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (I.S.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Sotiria D. Psoma
- School of Engineering & Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (I.S.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Antonios Tourlidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An experimental investigation on pulse transit time and pulse arrival time using ecg, pressure and ppg sensors. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2023.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
|
5
|
Andreozzi E, Sabbadini R, Centracchio J, Bifulco P, Irace A, Breglio G, Riccio M. Multimodal Finger Pulse Wave Sensing: Comparison of Forcecardiography and Photoplethysmography Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197566. [PMID: 36236663 PMCID: PMC9570799 DOI: 10.3390/s22197566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulse waves (PWs) are mechanical waves that propagate from the ventricles through the whole vascular system as brisk enlargements of the blood vessels' lumens, caused by sudden increases in local blood pressure. Photoplethysmography (PPG) is one of the most widespread techniques employed for PW sensing due to its ability to measure blood oxygen saturation. Other sensors and techniques have been proposed to record PWs, and include applanation tonometers, piezoelectric sensors, force sensors of different kinds, and accelerometers. The performances of these sensors have been analyzed individually, and their results have been found not to be in good agreement (e.g., in terms of PW morphology and the physiological parameters extracted). Such a comparison has led to a deeper comprehension of their strengths and weaknesses, and ultimately, to the consideration that a multimodal approach accomplished via sensor fusion would lead to a more robust, reliable, and potentially more informative methodology for PW monitoring. However, apart from various multichannel and multi-site systems proposed in the literature, no true multimodal sensors for PW recording have been proposed yet that acquire PW signals simultaneously from the same measurement site. In this study, a true multimodal PW sensor is presented, which was obtained by integrating a piezoelectric forcecardiography (FCG) sensor and a PPG sensor, thus enabling simultaneous mechanical-optical measurements of PWs from the same site on the body. The novel sensor performance was assessed by measuring the finger PWs of five healthy subjects at rest. The preliminary results of this study showed, for the first time, that a delay exists between the PWs recorded simultaneously by the PPG and FCG sensors. Despite such a delay, the pulse waveforms acquired by the PPG and FCG sensors, along with their first and second derivatives, had very high normalized cross-correlation indices in excess of 0.98. Six well-established morphological parameters of the PWs were compared via linear regression, correlation, and Bland-Altman analyses, which showed that some of these parameters were not in good agreement for all subjects. The preliminary results of this proof-of-concept study must be confirmed in a much larger cohort of subjects. Further investigation is also necessary to shed light on the physical origin of the observed delay between optical and mechanical PW signals. This research paves the way for the development of true multimodal, wearable, integrated sensors and for potential sensor fusion approaches to improve the performance of PW monitoring at various body sites.
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo CY, Chang CC, Wang KJ, Hsieh TL. Assessment of a Calibration-Free Method of Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement: A Pilot Study. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2022; 11:318-329. [PMID: 38163041 PMCID: PMC10756135 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2022.3209754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study proposes a low-cost, high-sensitivity sensor of beat-to-beat local pulse wave velocity (PWV), to be used in a cuffless blood pressure monitor (BPM). OBJECTIVE We design an adaptive algorithm to detect the feature of the pulse wave, making it possible for two sensors to measure the local PWV in the radial artery at a short distance. Unlike the cuffless BPM that needs to use a regression model for calibration. METHOD We encapsulate the piezoelectric sensor material in a cavity and design an analog front-end circuit. This study used color ultrasound imaging equipment to measure radial arterial parameters, including the diameter and wall thickness, to aid the estimation of blood pressure (BP) using the Moens-Korteweg (MK) equation of hemodynamics. RESULTS We compared the blood pressure estimated by the MK equation with the reference BP measured using an aneroid sphygmomanometer in a test group of 32 people, resulting in a mean difference of systolic BP of -0.63 mmHg, and a standard deviation of ±5.14 mmHg, a mean difference of mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 0.97 mmHg, with a standard deviation of ±3.54 mmHg, and a mean difference of diastolic BP of -1.14 mmHg, with a standard deviation of ±4.08 mmHg. This study has verified its compliance with ISO 81060-2. CONCLUSIONS A new type of wearable continuous calibration-free BPM can replace the situation that requires the use of traditional ambulatory BPM and reduce patient discomfort. CLINICAL IMPACT In this study can provide long-term continuous blood pressure monitoring in the hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tung-Li Hsieh
- Department of Electronic EngineeringNational Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, SanminKaohsiung City807618Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo CY, Chang HC, Wang KJ, Hsieh TL. An Arterial Compliance Sensor for Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Piezoelectric and Optical Signals. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1327. [PMID: 36014249 PMCID: PMC9413124 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood pressure (BP) data can influence therapeutic decisions for some patients, while non-invasive devices that continuously monitor BP can provide patients with a more comprehensive BP assessment. Therefore, this study proposes a multi-sensor-based small cuffless BP monitoring device that integrates a piezoelectric sensor array and an optical sensor, which can monitor the patient's physiological signals from the radial artery. METHOD Based on the Moens-Korteweg (MK) equation of the hemodynamic model, pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be correlated with arterial compliance and BP can be estimated. Therefore, the novel method proposed in this study involves using a piezoelectric sensor array to measure the PWV and an optical sensor to measure the photoplethysmography (PPG) intensity ratio (PIR) signal to estimate the participant's arterial parameters. The parameters measured by multiple sensors were combined to estimate BP based on the P-β model derived from the MK equation. RESULT We recruited 20 participants for the BP monitoring experiment to compare the performance of the BP estimation method with the regression model and the P-β model method with arterial compliance. We then compared the estimated BP with a reference device for validation. The results are presented as the error mean ± standard deviation (SD). Based on the regression model method, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 0.32 ± 5.94, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 2.17 ± 6.22, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 1.55 ± 5.83. The results of the P-β model method were as follows: SBP was 0.75 ± 3.9, DBP was 1.1 ± 3.12, and MAP was 0.49 ± 2.82. CONCLUSION According to the results of our proposed small cuffless BP monitoring device, both methods of estimating BP conform to ANSI/AAMI/ISO 81060-2:20181_5.2.4.1.2 criterion 1 and 2, and using arterial parameters to calibrate the MK equation model can improve BP estimate accuracy. In the future, our proposed device can provide patients with a convenient and comfortable BP monitoring solution. Since the device is small, it can be used in a public place without attracting other people's attention, thereby effectively improving the patient's right to privacy, and increasing their willingness to use it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yan Guo
- Accurate Meditech Inc., New Taipei City 241406, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuan-Jen Wang
- Accurate Meditech Inc., New Taipei City 241406, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Li Hsieh
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Jiangong Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 807618, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|