Metal-Organic-Framework- and MXene-Based Taste Sensors and Glucose Detection

Role of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in treating and diagnosing microbial infections

This review article highlights the innovative role of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in addressing global healthcare challenges related to microbial infections. MOFs, comprised of metal nodes and organic ligands, offer unique properties that can be applied in the treatment and diagnosis of these infections. Traditional methods, such as antibiotics and conventional diagnostics, face issues such as antibiotic resistance and diagnostic limitations. MOFs, with their highly porous and customizable structure, can encapsulate and deliver therapeutic or diagnostic molecules precisely. Their large surface area and customizable pore structures allow for sensitive detection and selective recognition of microbial pathogens. They also show potential in delivering therapeutic agents to infection sites, enabling controlled release and possible synergistic effects. However, challenges like optimizing synthesis techniques, enhancing stability, and developing targeted delivery systems remain. Regulatory and safety considerations for clinical translation also need to be addressed. This review not only explores the potential of MOFs in treating and diagnosing microbial infections but also emphasizes their unique approach and discusses existing challenges and future directions.

MXene-based electrochemical devices applied for healthcare applications

The initial part of the review provides an extensive overview about MXenes as novel and exciting 2D nanomaterials describing their basic physico-chemical features, methods of their synthesis, and possible interfacial modifications and techniques, which could be applied to the characterization of MXenes. Unique physico-chemical parameters of MXenes make them attractive for many practical applications, which are shortly discussed. Use of MXenes for healthcare applications is a hot scientific discipline which is discussed in detail. The article focuses on determination of low molecular weight analytes (metabolites), high molecular weight analytes (DNA/RNA and proteins), or even cells, exosomes, and viruses detected using electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Separate chapters are provided to show the potential of MXene-based devices for determination of cancer biomarkers and as wearable sensors and biosensors for monitoring of a wide range of human activities.

Functional two-dimensional MXenes as cancer theranostic agents

Recently, MXenes, as a kind of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with exceptional performance, have become the research hotspots owing to their unique structural, electronic, and chemical properties. They have potential applications in electrochemical storage, photocatalysis, and biosensors. Furthermore, they have certain characteristics such as large surface area, favorable biocompatibility, and ideal mechanical properties, which can expand their applications in biomedical fields, especially in cancer therapy. To date, several researchers have explored the applications of MXenes in tumor elimination, which exhibited other fantastic properties of those 2D MXenes, such as efficient in vivo photothermal ablation, low phototoxicity, high biocompatibility, etc. In this review, the structures, properties, modifications, and preparation methods are introduced respectively. More importantly, the multifunctional platforms for cancer therapy based on MXenes nanosheets (NSs) are reviewed in detail, including single-modality and combined-modality cancer therapy. Finally, the prospects and challenges of MXenes are prospected and discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, the structures, properties, modifications, and preparation methods of MXenes nanomaterials are introduced, respectively. In addition, the preparation conditions and morphological characterizations of some common MXenes for therapeutic platforms are also summarized. More importantly, the practical applications of MXenes-based nanosheets are reviewed in detail, including drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and multifunctional tumor therapy platforms. Finally, the future prospects and challenges of MXenes are prospected and discussed.

The role of MOF based nanocomposites in the detection of phenolic compounds for environmental remediation- A review

Phenolic compounds would be the emerging pollutant by 2050, because of their wide spread applicability in daily life and therefore the adoption of suitable detection methods in which identification and separation of isomers is highly desirable. Owing to the fascinating features, Metal-organic framework (MOF), a class of reticular materials holds a large surface area with tunable shape and adjustable porosity will provide strong interaction with analytes through abundant functional groups resulting in high selectivity towards electrochemical determination of phenolic isomers. Nevertheless, the sensing performance can still be further improved by building MOF network (intrinsic resistance) with functional (conducting) materials, resulting in MOF based nanocomposite. Herein, this review provides the summary of MOF based nanocomposites for electrochemical sensing of phenolic compounds developed from 2015. In this review, we discussed the demerits of pristine MOF as electrode materials, and the requirement of new class of MOF with functional materials such as nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, graphene and MXene. The history and evolution of MOF nanocomposite-based materials are discussed and also featured the impressive physical and chemical properties. Besides this review discusses the factors influencing the conducting pathway and mass transport of MOF based nanocomposite for enhanced sensing performance of phenolic compounds with suitable mechanistic illustrations. Finally, the major challenges governing the determination of phenolic compounds and the future advancements required for the development of MOF based electrodes for various applications are highlighted.